Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
Citations
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01 Nov 2017
TL;DR: Numerical results show that the proposed quantization strategy achieves a performance close to the one obtained with perfect full channel with a low overhead and complexity.
Abstract: Following the recent interest in millimeter wave (mmWave) for wireless applications and the difficulty in having the channel state information at transmitter due to the large amount of data required for feedback, a low complex uniform-based limited feedback technique is proposed, for a mmWave massive MIMO OFDM-based (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system. The wideband mmWave system has both transmitter and receiver equipped with a large antenna array, and employs a hybrid analog-digital precoding and combiner: the digital precoder is applied in the frequency domain and differ from subcarrier to subcarrier, while the analog precoder is frequency flat. The limited feedback strategy employs a uniform-based quantization for channel amplitudes, angle of departure and angle of arrival in time domain. After being fed back, these information is used to reconstruct the overall channel in frequency domain and the transmit antenna array, which are then used to compute the hybrid analog-digital precoders. Numerical results show that the proposed quantization strategy achieves a performance close to the one obtained with perfect full channel with a low overhead and complexity.
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...However communication in this bandwidth can be challenging due to its severe path-loss and shadowing characteristics [2]....
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01 Dec 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the capacity region of two-user erasure broadcast channel with single-user delayed channel state information (CSI) was characterized, where one receiver does not provide its channel state to the transmitter and the other receiver feeds back its state globally with unit delay.
Abstract: 5G downlink communications are expected to suffer more from the intermittent link connectivity, and studying the erasure broadcast channel (BC) provides the fundamental understanding of their performance. Recently, the capacity region of two-user erasure BC with single-user delayed channel state information (CSI) was characterized, where one receiver does not provide its channel state to the transmitter and the other receiver, while the other receiver feeds back its state globally with unit delay. Surprisingly, the capacity region with single-user delayed CSI matches that of the erasure BC with global delayed CSI of both users. When two links have same erasure probabilities, this result is valid even when a common message intended for both users is required besides two private messages. The capacity in this case is easily achieved by adding a phase multicasting the common message after the transmission of private messages. However, when erasure probabilities are unequal, this scheme is clearly not capacity-achieving since the rate of the last phase will be limited by the weaker user having larger erasure probability. We propose a scheme which transmits the common message with rate higher than the link capacity of the weaker user in the last phase but still can ensure the decodability. The key is to simultaneously create equations of the common message at the weaker receiver and re-transmit private bits before the last phase. The proposed scheme achieves the converse under unequal link erasure probabilities, and the capacity with common and private messages is fully characterized under single-user delayed CSI.
29 Nov 2018
TL;DR: The role of the 5G in this new technology, as well as proposing some solutions sustained by 5G to enable the Tactile Internet revolution, are discovered.
Abstract: After years of evolutional technology, current occupancies will change and may disappear and new ones will appear due to Haptic Communication. This revolution will affect surgery and healthcare, one’s life style, methods of teaching and learning, the way that it will all keep pace with user concerns. By that time, user will be formerly in Tactile Internet planet. Accordingly, this article will present the global aspect of Tactile Internet (definition, requirement, and challenges). First, a comparative study will be between wireless technologies evolution, to make sure that the 5G is the comfortable candidate to support Tactile Internet. Furthermore, this article is aimed to discover the role of the 5G in this new technology, as well as proposing some solutions sustained by 5G to enable the Tactile Internet revolution.
30 Jun 2017
TL;DR: This thesis addresses the long-standing problem of dependency on channel state information in network optimization in the conventional multi-antenna system and revisiting the key transmission strategies with a low complexity analog and digital beamforming/precoding design.
Abstract: Mobile wireless communication is undoubtedly one of the main drivers of industrial development and economic growth in modern societies. Its ability to incorporate cutting-edge technologies and deliver the successful value proposition to end-users has made it an essential part of human lives. Regardless of the technology used, any system would like to achieve optimal interference management or maximize its efficiency. And interestingly, the underlying element that characterizes such parameters is the transmission power. From a network efficiency viewpoint or the quality services provided to the users, the transmission power plays an important role in achieving the optimality in either of the cases. With an objective to address the power optimization in wireless systems, in this thesis, different types of network architectures are considered, with an objective to improve the spectrum and energy efficiency.
In particular, starting with the conventional multi-antenna system, this thesis addresses the long-standing problem of dependency on channel state information in network optimization. In doing so, a simple solution to introducing robustness in imperfect channel estimates based on classical transmit power minimization metric is considered. Furthermore, the energy efficiency issue in a hybrid network topology with the macro base station co-existing with small cell networks is also investigated. We show the key idea in achieving energy efficient network with a higher level of granularity is the strategical selection of base stations. With an insight into the millimeter wave systems, a lucrative solution in estimating channel parameters compared to the state-of-the-art is provided, thus reducing the energy cost at the transmitter and/or receiver. In addition, transmit power optimization in millimeter wave systems is also considered thereby revisiting the key transmission strategies with a low complexity analog and digital beamforming/precoding design.
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...The degradation of signal quality because of severe shadowing, intermittent connectivity and higher Doppler spread in mm-wave band may not make it viable for cellular system requiring reliable communication across longer range and non line of sight (NLOS) path [112]....
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: A receiver architecture is proposed which uses a sequence of delay elements to allow for blockwise linear combining of the received analog signals and achieves the maximum achievable transmission rate given a fixed number of one-bit ADCs.
Abstract: Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are a major contributor to the power consumption of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems with large number of antennas. Use of low resolution ADCs has been proposed as a means to decrease power consumption in MIMO receivers. However, reducing the ADC resolution leads to performance loss in terms of achievable transmission rates. In order to mitigate the rate-loss, the receiver can perform analog processing of the received signals before quantization. Prior works consider one-shot analog processing where at each channel-use, analog linear combinations of the received signals are fed to a set of one-bit threshold ADCs. In this paper, a receiver architecture is proposed which uses a sequence of delay elements to allow for blockwise linear combining of the received analog signals. In the high signal to noise ratio regime, it is shown that the proposed architecture achieves the maximum achievable transmission rate given a fixed number of one-bit ADCs. Furthermore, a tradeoff between transmission rate and the number of delay elements is identified which quantifies the increase in maximum achievable rate as the number of delay elements is increased.
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...The use of large antenna arrays leads to energy demands which are inconsistent with the limited power budget available in mobile devices and small-cell access points [1]....
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References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
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...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
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...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
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TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
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...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
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...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
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...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
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...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
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TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.
3,711 citations
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
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