Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
Citations
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22 Jun 2014
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a directional cell search procedure where each base station periodically transmits synchronization signals in randomly varying directions and derived detectors for this synchronization signal based on a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT).
Abstract: Millimeter wave (mmW) bands between 30 and 300 GHz are considered a promising candidate for next-generation cellular networks to relieve spectral congestion in conventional cellular frequencies. However, cellular communication at these frequencies will likely require highly directional transmissions to achieve suitable signal range. This reliance on directional beamforming complicates initial cell search since the mobile and base station must jointly search over a potentially large angular directional space to locate a suitable path to initiate communication. This paper proposes a directional cell search procedure where each base station periodically transmits synchronization signals in randomly varying directions. Detectors are derived for this synchronization signal based on a Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) for the case where (i) the mobile has only analog beamforming (where the mobile can “look” in only direction at a time) and (ii) digital beamforming where the mobile has access to digital samples from all antennas. Simulations under realistic parameters demonstrate that mobiles may not be able to achieve suitable detection performance with analog beamforming alone. In contrast, digital beamforming offers dramatically better performance. We argue that the additional power consumption cost of digital beamforming can be offset by using very low quantization rates with minimal performance loss, thus arguing that low-rate fully digital front-ends may be a better design choice for directional cell search.
40 citations
15 Apr 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a schedule-oriented optimization method based on matching theory that optimizes QoS metrics jointly with routing in mm-wave networks and showed the optimal solution of the maximum throughput fair scheduling (MTFS) problem for networks with over 200 mmBSs.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is a promising technology to cope with the expected exponential increase in data traffic in 5G networks. mmWave networks typically require a very dense deployment of mmWave base stations (mmBS). To reduce cost and increase flexibility, wireless backhauling is needed to connect the mmBSs. The characteristics of mmWave communication, and specifically its high directionality, imply new requirements for efficient routing and scheduling paradigms. We propose an efficient scheduling method, so-called schedule-oriented optimization, based on matching theory that optimizes QoS metrics jointly with routing. It is capable of solving any scheduling problem that can be formulated as a linear program whose variables are link times and QoS metrics. As an example of the schedule-oriented optimization, we show the optimal solution of the maximum throughput fair scheduling (MTFS). Practically, the optimal scheduling can be obtained even for networks with over 200 mmBSs. To further increase the runtime performance, we propose an efficient edge-coloring based approximation algorithm with provable performance bound. It achieves over 80% of the optimal max-min throughput and runs 5 to 100 times faster than the optimal algorithm in practice. Finally, we extend the optimal and approximation algorithms for the cases of multi-RF-chain mmBSs and integrated backhaul and access networks.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a broadband and a dual-band printed slot antennas for future millimeter wave mobile network communication are proposed for the Ka-band frequency of operation, where the basic antenna design consists of a circular radiating patch that is placed non-concentrically inside a circular slot etched off the ground plane.
Abstract: In this paper, a broadband and a dual-band printed slot antennas for the future millimeter wave mobile network communication are proposed. The antennas are designed for Ka -band frequency of operation. The basic antenna design consists of a circular radiating patch that is placed non-concentrically inside a circular slot etched off the ground plane. Matching between a radiating patch and the 50 Ω microstrip line is manipulated through a proximity-feed technique. The simulated antenna prototype – I and prototype – II are fabricated and successfully measured. The results indicate that the proposed antenna prototype – I yields the broadband impedance bandwidth >20 GHz (from 20 to >40 GHz) define by S 11
40 citations
TL;DR: A centralized hierarchical deep reinforcement learning based method is proposed to find an optimal solution for the relay selection problem in multihop 5G mmWave device to device (D2D) transmissions and a power level allocation problem of mmWave D2D links.
Abstract: 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) communication is an efficient technique for low delay and high data rate transmission in vehicular networks. Due to the high path loss in 5G mmWave band, 5G base stations need to be densely deployed, which may result in great deployment expenditures. In this letter, we jointly consider a relay selection problem in multihop 5G mmWave device to device (D2D) transmissions and a power level allocation problem of mmWave D2D links. We propose a centralized hierarchical deep reinforcement learning based method to find an optimal solution for the problem. The proposed method does not rely on the information of links, and it tries to find an optimal solution based on the information of vehicles. Simulation results show that the convergence of the proposed method, and the transmission delay performance of proposed method is better than a link-quality-prediction based method, and close to a link-quality-known method.
40 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...However, due to the short transmission ranges of mmWave signals, mmWave base stations need to be densely deployed to realize a full coverage of vehicles [2], which can result in high capital and operating expenditures (CAPEX and OPEX) of operators....
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03 Aug 2018
TL;DR: The design and characterisation of a flexible, inkjet-printed, low-profile, and frequency-reconfigurable antenna, intended for the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks operating at millimetre-wave (mm-wave) frequency bands is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents the design and characterisation of a flexible, inkjet-printed, low-profile, and frequency-reconfigurable antenna, intended for the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks operating at millimetre-wave (mm-wave) frequency bands. The antenna geometry is comprised of a slotted T-shaped radiating patch embedded in a rectangular aperture cut inside the ground plane. The slots are designed with two pairs of switches to reconfigure the radiating area for the desired selection of operating frequency at the Ka-band (26.5–40 GHz). Moreover, a two-element inkjet-printed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna assembly is proposed based on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. The conformal MIMO antenna is suitable for integration in high-performance flexible 5G front-ends, as well as in next-generation wearable electronic devices and applications.
40 citations
References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
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...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
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...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
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TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
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...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
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...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
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...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
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...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
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TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.
3,711 citations
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
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