Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
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08 Jun 2015
TL;DR: This paper presents directional and omnidirectional RMS delay spread statistics obtained from 28 GHz and 73 GHz ultrawideband propagation measurements carried out in New York City using a 400 Megachips per second broadband sliding correlator channel sounder and highly directional steerable horn antennas.
Abstract: This paper presents directional and omnidirectional RMS delay spread statistics obtained from 28 GHz and 73 GHz ultrawideband propagation measurements carried out in New York City using a 400 Megachips per second broadband sliding correlator channel sounder and highly directional steerable horn antennas. The 28 GHz measurements did not systematically seek the optimum antenna pointing angles and resulted in 33% outage for 39 T-R separation distances within 200 m. The 73 GHz measurements systematically found the best antenna pointing angles and resulted in 14.3% outage for 35 T-R separation distances within 200 m, all for mobile height receivers. Pointing the antennas to yield the strongest received power is shown to significantly reduce RMS delay spreads in line-of-sight (LOS) environments. A new term, distance extension exponent (DEE) is defined, and used to mathematically describe the increase in coverage distance that results by combining beams from angles with the strongest received power at a given location. These results suggest that employing directionality in millimeter-wave communications systems will reduce inter-symbol interference, improve link margin at cell edges, and enhance overall system performance.
73 citations
TL;DR: A general mathematical framework is developed to characterize the performance gain that can be obtained when spectrum sharing is used, as a function of the underlying beamforming, operator coordination, bandwidth, and infrastructure sharing scenarios, which can provide important insights for future standardization and spectrum policy.
Abstract: This paper investigates the extent to which spectrum sharing in mmWave networks with multiple cellular operators is a viable alternative to traditional dedicated spectrum allocation. Specifically, we develop a general mathematical framework by which to characterize the performance gain that can be obtained when spectrum sharing is used, as a function of the underlying beamforming, operator coordination, bandwidth, and infrastructure sharing scenarios. The framework is based on joint beamforming and cell association optimization, with the objective of maximizing the long-term throughput of the users. Our asymptotic and non-asymptotic performance analyses reveal five key points: (1) spectrum sharing with light on-demand intra- and inter-operator coordination is feasible, especially at higher mmWave frequencies (for example, 73 GHz), (2) directional communications at the user equipment substantially alleviate the potential disadvantages of spectrum sharing (such as higher multiuser interference), (3) large numbers of antenna elements can reduce the need for coordination and simplify the implementation of spectrum sharing, (4) while inter-operator coordination can be neglected in the large-antenna regime, intra-operator coordination can still bring gains by balancing the network load, and (5) critical control signals among base stations, operators, and user equipment should be protected from the adverse effects of spectrum sharing, for example by means of exclusive resource allocation. The results of this paper, and their extensions obtained by relaxing some ideal assumptions, can provide important insights for future standardization and spectrum policy.
73 citations
Additional excerpts
...Use cases for mmWave networks include backhaul links, mmWave hotspots, and heterogeneous and homogeneous cellular networks [1]–[8]....
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06 Apr 2014
TL;DR: The use of compressive sensing (CS) to accurately estimate the sparse Power Angle Profile (PAP) of a mmWave propagation channel has been investigated and the benefit of exploiting the reconstructed PAP in beamforming is assessed and compared to the beam searching algorithm adopted in the IEEE 802.11ad standard.
Abstract: In this paper the use of compressive sensing (CS) to accurately estimate the sparse Power Angle Profile (PAP) of a mmWave propagation channel has been investigated. This scheme is especially attractive for outdoor mmWave applications where large antenna arrays are more likely to be deployed to compensate for high pathloss. Current analogue beamforming techniques such as the codebook based 802.11ad beamforming manifest large beamforming overhead for large antenna arrays of typically 16×16 elements. Measurements in an anechoic chamber were performed to demonstrate the applicability of CS to mmWave PAP estimation. The impact of noise on the estimation of Directions-of-Departure (DoD) using CS theory is analysed and finally the benefit of exploiting the reconstructed PAP in beamforming is assessed and compared to the beam searching algorithm adopted in the IEEE 802.11ad standard.
73 citations
TL;DR: This paper focuses on finding intensity allocations that maximize the lower bounds given channel-state information at the transmitter (CSIT), and proposes low-complexity near-optimal algorithms for searching exhaustively for the best solution.
Abstract: Multi-channel (MC) optical wireless communication (OWC) systems employing wave-division multiplexing for outdoors free-space optical communications, or multi-user time-division multiple access for indoors visible-light communications, eg, can be modeled as parallel channels Multi-input multi-output OWC systems can also be transformed, possibly with some performance loss, to parallel channels using pre-/post-coding Studying the performance of such MC-OWC systems requires characterizing the capacity of the underlying parallel channels In this paper, upper and lower bounds on the capacity of constant parallel OWC channels with a total average intensity constraint are derived Then, this paper focuses on finding intensity allocations that maximize the lower bounds given channel-state information at the transmitter (CSIT) Due to its nonconvexity, the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions are used to describe a list of candidate allocations Instead searching exhaustively for the best solution, low-complexity near-optimal algorithms are proposed The resulting optimized lower bound nearly coincides with capacity at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Under a quasi-static channel model and in the absence of CSIT, outage probability upper and lower bounds are derived Those bounds also meet at high SNR, thus characterizing the outage capacity in this regime Finally, the results are extended to a system with both average and peak intensity constraints
73 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...2621743 bands for wireless communications, such as the millimeter wave band [2] and the optical spectrum [3], [4]....
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TL;DR: An aperture-sharing technique is developed, so that a four-unit linear 28 GHz array and a 3.5 GHz dipole antenna can be integrated and the same aperture can be shared, and the proposed dual-frequency antenna is suitable for some terminal applications in the next-generation wireless networks.
Abstract: The integration of the sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave (mmWave) antennas has become an important issue for the next-generation wireless communication. For the mmWave band, adaptive beam steering is required to solve the path loss and coverage range problems. In this communication, an aperture-sharing technique is developed, so that a four-unit linear 28 GHz array and a 3.5 GHz dipole antenna can be integrated and the same aperture can be shared. The SIW is utilized to enable the integration and maintain the radiation of both antennas, without mutual interference. By adopting a separate feeding network, each mmWave array unit is independently excited, so that a beam steerable in the E-plane can be synthesized in the mmWave band. A prototype is fabricated with a compact size owing to the shared aperture. The measured results show good radiation characteristics and broad 10 dB impedance bandwidth exceeding 20% in both bands. Furthermore, the mmWave beam steering is obtained with a stable gain level. The proposed dual-frequency antenna is suitable for some terminal applications in the next-generation wireless networks.
73 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...Meanwhile, the beamsteerable array is considered as the optimal 5G mmWave antenna configuration for its high gain and wide angular coverage, which are suitable for the mmWave propagation [11]–[15]....
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References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....
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...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....
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...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....
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TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.
Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems.
With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.
2,717 citations
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.
2,487 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper
...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....
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...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....
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...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....
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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.
Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.
1,813 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....
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...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....
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