Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
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10 Apr 2014
TL;DR: A simple channel model is presented for evaluating system level performance in mmWave cellular networks and it is observed that mmWave networks can provide comparable coverage probability with a dense deployment, leading to much higher data rates thanks to the large bandwidth available in the mmWave spectrum.
Abstract: The huge amount of (potentially) available spectrum makes millimeter wave (mmWave) a promising candidate for fifth generation cellular networks. Unfortunately, differences in the propagation environment as a function of frequency make it hard to make comparisons between systems operating at mmWave and microwave frequencies. This paper presents a simple channel model for evaluating system level performance in mmWave cellular networks. The model uses insights from measurement results that show mmWave is sensitive to blockages revealing very different path loss characteristics between line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) links. The conventional path loss model with a single log-distance path loss function and a shadowing term is replaced with a stochastic path loss model with a distance-dependent LOS probability and two different path loss functions to account for LOS and NLOS links. The proposed model is used to compare microwave and mmWave networks in simulations. It is observed that mmWave networks can provide comparable coverage probability with a dense deployment, leading to much higher data rates thanks to the large bandwidth available in the mmWave spectrum.
58 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...The viability of mmWave for cellular has been suggested recently [1], [12]....
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...Let LOS(R) = CLOSR−αLOS denote the distance-dependent path-loss for the LOS link and let NLOS(R) = CNLOSR −αNLOS denote the same for the NLOS link....
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...Considering a point source and an isotropic receiving antenna, from the Friis free-space equation, a mmWave signal at 30 GHz experiences 20 dB more attenuation than a signal at 3 GHz (see e.g. the calculations in [1])....
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...…mmWave channel are more dependent on site-specific environment features [5], [12], important statistics of mmWave mobile channels, such as the path loss 978-1-4799-2358-8/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE 178 2 exponent, penetration loss, angular spread and delay spread, can be derived from the measurements....
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...In this section, we summarize the measurement results and highlight observations that we believe are important for developing signal and interference models to predict performance in mmWave cellular systems....
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TL;DR: It is shown that the capacity of QSM system can be achieved, by carefully designing the constellation symbols for each specific channel model, by closely approximating a log–normal fading channel.
Abstract: Capacity analysis for millimeter–wave (mmWave) quadrature spatial modulation (QSM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system is presented in this paper. QSM is a new MIMO technique proposed to enhance the performance of conventional spatial modulation (SM) while retaining almost all its inherent advantages. Furthermore, mmWave utilizes a wide-bandwidth spectrum and is a very promising candidate for future wireless systems. Detailed and novel analysis of the mutual information and the achievable capacity for mmWave–QSM system using a 3-D statistical channel model for outdoor mmWave communications are presented in this paper. Monte Carlo simulation results are provided to corroborate derived formulas. Obtained results reveal that the 3-D mmWave channel model can be closely approximated by a log–normal fading channel. The conditions under which capacity can be achieved are derived and discussed. It is shown that the capacity of QSM system can be achieved, by carefully designing the constellation symbols for each specific channel model.
58 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...The pioneering work of the NYU Wireless Lab aims at 3D modeling of the mmWave channel [2], [3], [46]–[48]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a simple beam tilting technique for an end-fire antenna using only a single-layer frequency selective surface (FSS) is described, which is based on placing a parasitic FSS element under the antenna to tilt the beam in the desired direction.
Abstract: This letter describes a simple beam-tilting technique for an endfire antenna using only a single-layer frequency selective surface (FSS). The proposed approach is based on placing a parasitic FSS element under the antenna to tilt the beam in the desired direction. This is achieved by using a modified uniplanar compact FSS. To demonstrate the principle, the periodic structure is applied to a Yagi–Uda antenna operating in the millimeter-wave frequency band from 28 to 31 GHz. The measured results, by integrating the proposed FSS (one layer of 3 × 5 unit cells) under the directors of the antenna, show that at 30 GHz, the main beam radiation tilts the endfire direction ( yz plane) by +23° and –29° when the FSS structure is rotated by 90°, respectively. The simplicity of this method makes it suitable for 5G communication networks.
58 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...These types of antennas are identified as a highly attractive solution for 5G cellular networks that are expected to provide much higher data rates [1]....
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TL;DR: The results show that, orthogonality is achieved if the absolute difference between any two transmitted modes |vk| mod M ≠ 0.05 indicates that the modes are considered equivalent if their absolute difference is a multiple of M.
Abstract: In this letter, we present the mode combinations needed to achieve orthogonal sub-channels in an ideal wireless orbital angular momentum based multiple-input multiple-output (OAM-MIMO) multiplexing system with $N$ OAM transmitters and $M$ receive antennas The results show that, orthogonality is achieved if the absolute difference between any two transmitted modes $|v_k|\mod M
e 0$ The modes are considered equivalent if their absolute difference is a multiple of $M$ Orthogonal OAM-MIMO multiplexing systems can be used to enhance spectral efficiency in wireless backhaul networks
58 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...To achieve this, current fourth generation (4G) networks use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technologies, among others [1]....
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TL;DR: A generalized network synthesis approach that enables simultaneous frequency and back-off reconfigurability in an mm-wave power amplifier (PA) architecture to maintain high-efficiency operation with spectrally efficient codes across a wide frequency range is presented.
Abstract: Spectrally efficient operation with high power and high efficiency at deep backoff will be critical for the next generation of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) transmitters for 5G and beyond. In addition, as larger non-contiguous chunks of the mm-wave spectrum open up, dynamic frequency reconfiguration while ensuring high spectral and energy efficiency can become a key toward optimal utilization of spectral resources. In this paper, we present a generalized network synthesis approach that enables simultaneous frequency and back-off reconfigurability in an mm-wave power amplifier (PA) architecture to maintain high-efficiency operation with spectrally efficient codes across a wide frequency range. We show that frequency reconfigurability and back-off enhancement can be treated in a similar fashion with dynamic impedance synthesis. The method is based on the synthesis of a multi-port combiner network that exploits the interaction of mm-wave DAC cells switched asymmetrically to synthesize the optimal impedances across the 2-D space of reconfiguration: frequency and backoff. As a proof of concept, a PA is presented in $0.13-\mu \text{m}$ SiGe BiCMOS process, which operates across 30–55 GHz with peak $P_{\mathrm{ sat}}$ of 23.7 dBm at 40 GHz, output collector efficiency $\eta _{\text {out}}$ of 34.5% and 22% at the 0- and −6-dB backoff, respectively. The PA maintains $\eta _{\text {out}} > 16\%$ at −6-dB backoff across the range. Non-constant modulation is demonstrated with data rates up to 4 Gb/s across the frequencies from 30 to 50 GHz.
58 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...backhaul and for short-distance ultrafast links, automotive radars, gesture sensing, and localization [1], [2]....
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References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....
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...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....
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...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....
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TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.
Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems.
With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.
2,717 citations
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.
2,487 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper
...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....
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...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....
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...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....
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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.
Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.
1,813 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....
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...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....
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