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Journal ArticleDOI

Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!

TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A system-level analysis of a 5G HetNet with hybrid multiple access where NOMA and orthogonal multiple access coexist with results on network user dimensioning show that NomA and HetNets can have the capacity to cope with the high data demand expected for 5G.
Abstract: Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has emerged as a key technology for boosting the capacity of 5G networks. Since, the latter are expected to be heterogeneous networks (HetNets), the performance of NOMA on 5G HetNets is highly anticipated. In this paper, we present a system-level analysis, focused on the capacity dimensioning, of a 5G HetNet with hybrid multiple access where NOMA and orthogonal multiple access coexist. We use dynamic power allocation and consider four generic pairing methods for NOMA: Hungarian, Gale–Shapley, random, and exhaustive. Through our results, we show that the optimal or close-to-optimal pairing methods offer the highest capacity gain (22%–24%) when the network cells are equally loaded. On the contrary, if the load is unequal and load balancing techniques are used, simpler pairing methods offer higher gains (approximately 29%). This leads to the idea of a flexible choice of the pairing method to be used for NOMA depending on the network load, thus achieving a balance between the network capacity gain and the complexity of the pairing method. In our network, for 100 cells, the combination of the Hungarian and the random method allows supporting 4% higher network traffic volume than if either of these two methods is exclusively used. Such gain can be translated into fewer cells needed for the same traffic volume, or higher traffic volume with the same number of cells. Furthermore, our results on network user dimensioning show that NOMA and HetNets can have the capacity to cope with the high data demand expected for 5G.

56 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...With the deployment of small cells, a layer of short-range access points is overlaid on the existing network, allowing this to reduce the distance between the users (UEs) and the base stations (BSs), which results in lower propagation losses, and higher data rates and energy efficiency [8], [9]....

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  • ...30-300 GHz) for the small cells in 5G is a promising implementation [8]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new principle to overcome the blockage of metallic frames in mobile terminals to end-fire millimeter-wave (mm-wave) arrays is proposed by etching several slots in the top part of the frame.
Abstract: In this article, a new principle to overcome the blockage of metallic frames in mobile terminals to endfire millimeter-wave (mm-wave) arrays is proposed. The obstruction is solved by etching several slots in the top part of the frame. It is shown that the slots in the handset frame can further enhance the beam-steering gain of a mm-wave bow-tie array. A very small array-frame distance can also be realized without degrading much the array performance. Several considerations in the slot design are assessed first. A prototype of the PCB and frame has been built and the results show that the array is matched in the desired frequency bands of 24.25–27.5 and 27.5–28.35 GHz. The mm-wave array can scan 80° in the endfire direction, and the realized gain obtained is higher than 7 dBi in the operating frequency bands. At the same time, the frame performs as a sub-3 GHz dual-loop antenna. The covered bands are 760–980 and 1240–2870 MHz.

56 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analytical and numerical results demonstrate that NOMA can significantly improve the mmWave multicasting, while the proposed cooperative N OMA mm Wave multicast scheme can further improve the NOM a mmWave multipoint multicasting.
Abstract: Millimeter wave (mmWave) wireless networks can operate in single-cell point-to-multipoint mode to provide local multicast services efficiently In this paper, the performance of multicast mmWave wireless networks is studied, through stochastic geometry Then, the use of power domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for enhancing mmWave multicasting is also investigated Furthermore, we study multicasting in two-tier mmWave heterogeneous networks, and propose a novel cooperative NOMA multicast scheme Analytical expressions for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio coverage probability, the average number of served users, and the sum multicast rate are derived, in order to assess the performance of these schemes Finally, we discuss the maximum sum multicast rates, by formulating them as optimization problems, and also develop efficient golden section search algorithms to solve them The offered solutions reveal the impact of data transmission rate and power allocation on the sum multicast rate Both analytical and numerical results demonstrate that NOMA can significantly improve the mmWave multicasting, while the proposed cooperative NOMA mmWave multicast scheme can further improve the NOMA mmWave multicasting

56 citations


Cites methods from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...MmWave channel measurement campaigns [18], [22] were conducted to understand mmWave propagation characteristics and facilitate channel modeling, which demonstrate that mmWave frequency band can be allocated to cellular communications, by employing highly directional antenna arrays....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This analysis highlights the importance of deploying dual-band small cells, in particular, when small cells are sparsely deployed or in case of heavy traffic, and proposes a two-step mechanism based on two biases for tuning the tier and RAT selection.
Abstract: We characterize a two tier heterogeneous network, consisting of classical sub-6 GHz macro cells, and multi radio access technology (RAT) small cells able to operate in sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) bands. For optimizing coverage and to balance loads, we propose a two-step mechanism based on two biases for tuning the tier and RAT selection, where the sub-6 GHz band is used to speed-up the initial access procedure in the mm-wave RAT. First, we investigate the effect of the biases in terms of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) distribution, cell load, and user throughput. More specifically, we obtain the optimal biases that maximize either the SINR coverage or the user downlink throughput. Then, we characterize the cell load using the mean cell approach and derive upper bounds on the overloading probabilities. Finally, for a given traffic density, we provide the small cell density required to satisfy system constraints in terms of overloading and outage probabilities. Our analysis highlights the importance of deploying dual-band small cells, in particular, when small cells are sparsely deployed or in case of heavy traffic.

56 citations


Cites methods from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...For this, two techniques are particularly attractive: network densification using small cells [2] and mm-wave wave communications [3]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a phase shifter-aided beam selection network is proposed to mitigate the beam squint in wideband mmWave MIMO systems, which enables a single RF chain to support multiple focused-energy beams.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-out (MIMO) systems relying on lens antenna arrays are capable of achieving a high antenna-gain at a considerably reduced number of radio frequency (RF) chains via beam selection. However, the traditional beam selection network suffers from significant performance loss in wideband systems due to the effect of beam squint. In this paper, we propose a phase shifter-aided beam selection network, which enables a single RF chain to support multiple focused-energy beams, for mitigating the beam squint in wideband mmWave MIMO systems. Based on this architecture, we additionally design an efficient transmit precoder (TPC) for maximizing the achievable sum-rate, which is composed of beam selection and beamspace precoding. Specifically, we decouple the design problems of beamspace precoding and beam selection by exploiting the fact that the beam selection matrix has a limited number of candidates. For the beamspace precoding design, we propose a successive interference cancellation (SIC)-based method, which decomposes the associated optimization problem into a series of subproblems and solves them successively. For the beam selection design, we propose an energy-max beam selection method for avoiding the high complexity of exhaustive search, and derive the number of required beams for striking an attractive trade-off between the hardware cost and system performance. Our simulation results show that the proposed beamspace precoding and beam selection methods achieve both a higher sum-rate and a higher energy efficiency than its conventional counterparts.

56 citations

References
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Book
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher: The indispensable guide to wireless communications—now fully revised and updated! Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step. Coverage includes: An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technology—today's and tomorrow's.

17,102 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

5,158 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....

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  • ...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....

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  • ...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.
Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems. With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.

2,717 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Zhouyue Pi1, Farooq Khan1
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.

2,487 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper

  • ...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....

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  • ...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....

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  • ...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....

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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.
Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.

1,813 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....

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  • ...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....

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