Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
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TL;DR: In this article, a complementary push-pull 60 GHz power amplifier (PA) in 40-nm CMOS was proposed to mitigate the amplitude to phase modulation (AM-PM) distortion caused by the nonlinear input capacitance of an MOS transistor.
Abstract: This paper presents a complementary push-pull 60-GHz power amplifier (PA) in 40-nm CMOS. The proposed technique is used to mitigate the amplitude to phase modulation (AM-PM) distortion caused by the nonlinear input capacitance of an MOS transistor. By operating in deep class-AB mode, the back-off efficiency of the PA is improved without compromising gain. The proposed interstage transformer with two secondary windings enables right impedance transformation concurrently for the two separate transistors with independent biasing ability. The two-stage PA achieves a gain of 22.4 dB, power added efficiency (PAE) PAEMAX of 23%, and saturated output power ( $P_{\text {SAT}}$ ) of 16.4 dBm with 8% PAE at 6 dB back-off. With 35 dB of adjacent channel power ratio. Also a comparison with a common-source PA is presented, which shows its limitation in dealing with AM-PM distortion.
53 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...At mm-wave there is less crowding and the operating bandwidth can be increased from several 100 MHz to a couple of GHz....
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TL;DR: This paper summarizes the latest developments in the design of low-resolution communication systems, focusing on system performance analysis, some key technologies of the receiver, and typical application scenarios for the low- resolution ADCs.
Abstract: With the rapid growth of wireless data traffic and antennas configuration, higher spectrum efficiency and lower power consumption processing have evoked remarkable attention from the research and industry community for the deployment of future wireless communication. It has become a heated topic quickly in recent years and gives rise to the widespread interest around the world. As a core technology of the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication, massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) technology can fully exploit the space resources and greatly improve the spectral and energy efficiency. However, massive MIMO systems are faced with the problems of mass data processing, high hardware cost, and huge total power consumption. To cope with these problems, a useful solution is that the receiver equips with finite resolution analog-to-digital (ADC) converters. A large number of research results show that the low-resolution quantization technology brings significant performance within the allowable loss of capacity. This promising technique has attracted many scholars to do tremendous endeavor on it. As a motivation, we make a comprehensive survey about low-resolution ADCs for wireless communication. This paper summarizes the latest developments in the design of low-resolution communication systems, focusing on system performance analysis, some key technologies of the receiver, and typical application scenarios for the low-resolution ADCs. In view of the adverse effects caused by coarse quantization, some potential implementations are presented to alleviate this dilemma. Future research directions are also given and suggested in this paper. This overview contributes significantly to providing an informative and tutorial reference for the key technologies of low-resolution ADCs as well as its applications in practical systems.
53 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...area networks [2], local area networks [3], and likely even cellular networks [4]....
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16 Apr 2018
TL;DR: This paper proposes a model-driven 3D beam-steering mechanism called Orthogonal Scanner (OScan), which can maintain high performance for mobile 60 GHz links in 3D space and discovers and leverages a hidden interaction between 3D beams and the spatial channel profile of 60 GHz radios, and strategically scans the3D space to reduce the search latency by more than one order of magnitude.
Abstract: 60 GHz networks, with multi-Gbps bitrate, are considered as the enabling technology for emerging applications such as wireless Virtual Reality (VR) and 4K/8K real-time Miracast. However, user motion, and even orientation change, can cause mis-alignment between 60 GHz transceivers' directional beams, thus causing severe link outage. Within the practical 3D spaces, the combination of location and orientation dynamics leads to exponential growth of beam searching complexity, which substantially exacerbates the outage and hinders fast recovery. In this paper, we first conduct an extensive measurement to analyze the impact of 3D motion on 60 GHz link performance, in the context of VR and Miracast applications. We find that 3D motion exhibits inherent non-predictability, so conventional beam steering solutions, which targets 2D scenarios with lower search space and short-term motion coherence, fail in practical 3D setup. Motivated by these observations, we propose a model-driven 3D beam-steering mechanism called Orthogonal Scanner (OScan), which can maintain high performance for mobile 60 GHz links in 3D space. OScan discovers and leverages a hidden interaction between 3D beams and the spatial channel profile of 60 GHz radios, and strategically scans the 3D space so as to reduce the search latency by more than one order of magnitude. Experiment results based on a custom-built 60 GHz platform along with a trace-driven emulator demonstrate OScan's remarkable throughput gain, up to $\mathbf{5}\times$ , compared with the state-of-the-art.
53 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...It is believed that 60 GHz radios will bring wireless access into the multi-Gbps era, for both the out-door cellular picocell [3], [4] and indoor WiFi networks [1]....
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...Recently, much research effort has been devoted to experimental and system-level 60 GHz radio research [3]– [6], [8], [11]–[13], [27], [28], based on prior theoretical works (see [29] and references therein)....
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TL;DR: A tensor-based minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimator is proposed that exploits the multidimensional nature of the frequency-selective massive MIMO channel in thefrequency-domain, being a low-complexity alternative to the well-known vector-MMSE channel estimation.
Abstract: Channel estimation is a crucial problem for massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems to achieve the expected benefits in terms of spectrum and energy efficiencies. However, a considerable number of pilots are usually distributed over a large number of time-frequency resources using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to effectively estimate a large number of channel coefficients in space and frequency domains, sacrificing spectral efficiency. In this paper, by assuming MIMO-OFDM transmission, we start by proposing a tensor-based minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimator that exploits the multidimensional nature of the frequency-selective massive MIMO channel in the frequency-domain, being a low-complexity alternative to the well-known vector-MMSE channel estimation. Then, by incorporating a 3D sparse representation into the tensor-based channel model, a tensor compressive sensing (tensor-CS) model is formulated by assuming that the channel is compressively sampled in space (radio-frequency chains), time (symbol periods), and frequency (pilot subcarriers). This tensor-CS model is used as the basis for the formulation of a tensor-orthogonal matching-pursuit (T-OMP) estimator that solves a greedy problem per dimension of the measured tensor data. The proposed channel estimator has two variants which may either resort to a joint search per tensor dimension or to a sequential search that progressively reduces the search space across the tensor dimensions. The complexities of the different tensor-based algorithms are studied and compared to those of the traditional vector-MMSE and vector-CS estimators. Our results also corroborate the performance-complexity tradeoffs between T-MMSE and T-OMP estimators, both being competing alternatives to their vector-based MMSE and OMP counterparts.
53 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...This is likely to happen in millimeter wave systems, where a large number of antenna elements should be used to compensate for small antenna apertures [20]; ii) the channel is frequency-selective, which is the likely the case when operating in wideband channels....
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53 citations
References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....
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...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....
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...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....
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TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.
Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems.
With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.
2,717 citations
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.
2,487 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper
...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....
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...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....
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...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....
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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.
Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.
1,813 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....
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...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....
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