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Journal ArticleDOI

Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!

TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents the first reported 28-GHz phased-array IC for 5G communications, implemented in 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS, which includes 32 TRX elements and features concurrent independent beams in two polarizations in either TX or RX operation.
Abstract: This paper presents the first reported 28-GHz phased-array IC for 5G communications. Implemented in 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS, the IC includes 32 TRX elements and features concurrent independent beams in two polarizations in either TX or RX operation. Circuit techniques to enable precise beam steering, orthogonal phase and amplitude control at each front end, and independent tapering and beam steering at the array level are presented. A TX/RX switch design is introduced which minimizes TX path loss resulting in 13.5 dBm/16 dBm Op1dB/Psat per front end with >20% peak power added efficiency of the power amplifier (including switch and off-mode LNA) while maintaining a 6 dB noise figure in the low noise amplifier (including switch and off-mode PA). Comprehensive on-wafer measurement results for the IC across multiple samples and temperature variation are presented. A package with four ICs and 64 dual-polarized antennas provides eight 16-element or two 64-element concurrent beams with 1.4°/step beam steering (<0.6° rms error) across a ±50° steering range without requiring calibration. A maximum saturated effective isotropic radiated power of 54 dBm is measured in the broadside direction for each polarization. Tapering control without requiring calibration achieves up to 20-dB sidelobe rejection without affecting the main lobe direction.

426 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...The use of phased arrays at millimeter-wave frequencies offers a path to support multiple users with high data rates by establishing high-bandwidth directional links between the base station and mobile devices [2], [3]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A thorough investigation into current LED-based indoor positioning systems and compares their performance through many aspects, such as test environment, accuracy, and cost is undertaken.
Abstract: As Global Positioning System (GPS) cannot provide satisfying performance in indoor environments, indoor positioning technology, which utilizes indoor wireless signals instead of GPS signals, has grown rapidly in recent years. Meanwhile, visible light communication (VLC) using light devices such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) has been deemed to be a promising candidate in the heterogeneous wireless networks that may collaborate with radio frequencies (RF) wireless networks. In particular, light-fidelity has a great potential for deployment in future indoor environments because of its high throughput and security advantages. This paper provides a comprehensive study of a novel positioning technology based on visible white LED lights, which has attracted much attention from both academia and industry. The essential characteristics and principles of this system are deeply discussed, and relevant positioning algorithms and designs are classified and elaborated. This paper undertakes a thorough investigation into current LED-based indoor positioning systems and compares their performance through many aspects, such as test environment, accuracy, and cost. It presents indoor hybrid positioning systems among VLC and other systems (e.g., inertial sensors and RF systems). We also review and classify outdoor VLC positioning applications for the first time. Finally, this paper surveys major advances as well as open issues, challenges, and future research directions in VLC positioning systems.

410 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...In particular, millimeter wave (mm-wave) communication has been recognized as a promising technology enabling high data rate transmission for future fifth generation (5G) communication networks, since there are huge, unlicensed spectrum bands available at mm-wave frequencies in the range of 30-300 GHz [128]....

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  • ...Different from the microwave transmission, mm-wave transmission has some similar features as VLC, such as directional transmission and sparse channel model [128], due to the very short wavelength....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article overviews the technologies that will pave the way for a novel cellular architecture that integrates high-data-rate access and backhaul networks based on millimeter-wave frequencies (57-66, 71-76, and 81-86 GHz), and evaluates the feasibility of short- and medium-distance links at these frequencies.
Abstract: The exponential increase of mobile data traffic requires disrupting approaches for the realization of future 5G systems. In this article, we overview the technologies that will pave the way for a novel cellular architecture that integrates high-data-rate access and backhaul networks based on millimeter-wave frequencies (57-66, 71-76, and 81-86 GHz). We evaluate the feasibility of short- and medium-distance links at these frequencies and analyze the requirements from the transceiver architecture and technology, antennas, and modulation scheme points of view. Technical challenges are discussed, and design options highlighted; finally, a performance evaluation quantifies the benefits of millimeter- wave systems with respect to current cellular technologies.

408 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...investigated wireless communications at the 28 and 38 GHz bands, where 1 GHz of bandwidth is available [3]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The requirements of the 5G channel modeling are summarized, an extensive review of the recent channel measurements and models are provided, and future research directions forChannel measurements and modeling are provided.
Abstract: The fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems will be in use around 2020. The aim of 5G systems is to provide anywhere and anytime connectivity for anyone and anything. Several new technologies are being researched for 5G systems, such as massive multiple-input multiple-output communications, vehicle-to-vehicle communications, high-speed train communications, and millimeter wave communications. Each of these technologies introduces new propagation properties and sets specific requirements on 5G channel modeling. Considering the fact that channel models are indispensable for system design and performance evaluation, accurate and efficient channel models covering various 5G technologies and scenarios are urgently needed. This paper first summarizes the requirements of the 5G channel modeling, and then provides an extensive review of the recent channel measurements and models. Finally, future research directions for channel measurements and modeling are provided.

407 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...with an inter-site distance of up to 200 m [5]....

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  • ...Rappaport’s team based on extensive mmWave channel measurements in the 28/38/60/73 GHz bands [5], [20], [54], [56], [161]–[166]....

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  • ..., [13] and [14] for massive MIMO communication scenarios, [15]–[17] for V2V communication scenarios, [18] and [19] for HST communication scenarios, [5] and [20] for mmWave communication scenarios....

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  • ...In the spatial domain, measurements in [5], [20], and [70]–[72] show that the number of scattering clusters in mmWave bands is much...

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  • ...200 m, the mmWave communication can achieve satisfactory performance [5]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In an interactive VR gaming arcade case study, it is shown that a smart network design that leverages the use of mmWave communication, edge computing, and proactive caching can achieve the future vision of VR over wireless.
Abstract: VR is expected to be one of the killer applications in 5G networks. However, many technical bottlenecks and challenges need to be overcome to facilitate its wide adoption. In particular, VR requirements in terms of high throughput, low latency, and reliable communication call for innovative solutions and fundamental research cutting across several disciplines. In view of the above, this article discusses the challenges and enablers for ultra-reliable and low-latency VR. Furthermore, in an interactive VR gaming arcade case study, we show that a smart network design that leverages the use of mmWave communication, edge computing, and proactive caching can achieve the future vision of VR over wireless.

405 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...Due to the broadness of the subject, we by refer interested readers in mmWave communications to the seminal work on mmWave for 5G [9], [10] on potentials and challenges of mmWave communications, and [11] on challenges for achieving URLLC in 5G mmWave cellular networks....

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References
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Book
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher: The indispensable guide to wireless communications—now fully revised and updated! Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step. Coverage includes: An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technology—today's and tomorrow's.

17,102 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

5,158 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....

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  • ...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....

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  • ...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.
Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems. With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.

2,717 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Zhouyue Pi1, Farooq Khan1
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.

2,487 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper

  • ...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....

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  • ...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....

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  • ...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....

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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.
Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.

1,813 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....

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  • ...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....

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