Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
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TL;DR: This work analyzes the impact that future RAN technologies will have on the transport network and on the design of the next generation fronthaul interface, and derives both per-cell and aggregated data rate requirements for 5G transport networks.
Abstract: To meet the requirements of 5G mobile networks, several radio access technologies, such as millimeter wave communications and massive MIMO, are being proposed In addition, cloud radio access network (C-RAN) architectures are considered instrumental to fully exploit the capabilities of future 5G RANs However, RAN centralization imposes stringent requirements on the transport network, which today are addressed with purpose-specific and expensive fronthaul links As the demands on future access networks rise, so will the challenges in the fronthaul and backhaul segments It is hence of fundamental importance to consider the design of transport networks alongside the definition of future access technologies to avoid the transport becoming a bottleneck Therefore, we analyze in this work the impact that future RAN technologies will have on the transport network and on the design of the next generation fronthaul interface To understand the especially important impact of varying user traffic, we utilize measurements from a real-world 4G network and, taking target 5G performance figures into account, extrapolate its statistics to a 5G scenario With this, we derive both per-cell and aggregated data rate requirements for 5G transport networks In addition, we show that the effect of statistical multiplexing is an important factor to reduce transport network capacity requirements and costs Based on our investigations, we provide guidelines for the development of the 5G transport network architecture
46 citations
Cites methods from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...These new RATs, which could include technologies such as massive MIMO [8], millimeter wave (mmWave) communication [9], and non-orthogonal waveforms [10], will have a significant impact on the transport network....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the maximum achievable rate of a two-hop amplified-and-forward (AF) relaying millimeter-wave (mm-wave) system, where two AF relaying schemes, i.e., half-duplex (HD) and fullduplex(FD), were discussed.
Abstract: We study the maximum achievable rate of a two-hop amplified-and-forward (AF) relaying millimeter-wave (mm-wave) system, where two AF relaying schemes, i.e., half-duplex (HD) and full-duplex (FD) are discussed. By considering the two-ray mm-wave channel and the Gaussian-type directional antenna, jointly, the impacts of the beamwidth and the self-interference coefficient on maximum achievable rates are investigated. Results show that, under a sum-power constraint, the rate of FD-AF mm-wave relaying outperforms its HD counterpart only when antennas with narrower beamwidth and smaller self-interference coefficient are applied. However, when the sum-power budget is sufficiently high or the beamwidth of directional antenna is sufficiently small, direct transmission becomes the best strategy, rather than the AF relaying schemes. For both relaying schemes, we show that the rates of both AF relaying schemes scale as $ \mathcal {O}(\min \lbrace \theta _{m}^{-1},\theta _{m}^{-2}\rbrace ) $ with respect to beamwidth $ \theta _ {m} $ , and the rate of FD-AF relaying scales as $ \mathcal {O}(\mu ^{-({1}/{2})}) $ with respect to self-interference coefficient $ \mu $ . Also, we show that ground reflections may significantly affect the performance of mm-wave communications, constructively or destructively. Thus, the impact of ground reflections deserves careful considerations for analyzing or designing future mm-wave wireless networks.
46 citations
30 Jun 2016
TL;DR: GSEs will be one of the key components of the exploding market of the Internet of Things – which is of extreme interest to many large and small companies in Europe.
Abstract: GSEs will be one of the key components of the exploding market of the Internet of Things – which is of extreme interest to many large and small companies in Europe. The Internet of Things essentially refers to a tagging of all uniquely identifiable objects, or things, so they can be identified and tracked in their daily life. RFID (Radio-frequency identification) is generally seen as a prerequisite for SEs.
46 citations
TL;DR: An angle domain off-grid channel estimation algorithm for the uplink millimeter wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input and multiple-output systems is proposed, capable of identifying the angles and gains of the scatterer paths.
Abstract: In this letter, an angle domain off-grid channel estimation algorithm for the uplink millimeter wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input and multiple-output systems is proposed. By exploiting spatial sparse structure in mmWave channels, the proposed method is capable of identifying the angles and gains of the scatterer paths. Comparing the conventional channel estimation methods for mmWave systems, the proposed method achieves better performance in terms of mean square error. Numerical simulation results are provided to verify the superiority of the proposed algorithm.
46 citations
Cites background or methods from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...As a result of the fading attenuation characteristics in mmWave frequency band [5], only a limited number of scatterer paths are observed [1] and spatial basis expansion model (SBEM) [6] can be established for massive MIMO channel modeling....
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...MASSIVE multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems operating in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band [1] is an enabling technology for current and future wireless communication systems....
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04 Jan 2017
TL;DR: This paper designs a first-of-its-kind practical mm-Wave vehicular testbed and designs a fixed beam-steering approach that enables the RSU to transmit large amounts of data in a very short amount of time for a wide range of speeds, validate in real-world vehicular scenarios with actual traffic in a mid-sized town in Spain.
Abstract: At vehicular speeds, the contact time during which a mobile node is in range of a fixed road side unit (RSU) is short. While this is not an issue if the RSU only needs to deliver textual information such as traffic updates, short contact times become problematic when transmitting a large amount of information. For instance, an RSU may need to deliver high volumes of local navigation data for an augmented reality application, or video material regarding tourist information of a nearby town. Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) communication is highly promising for such scenarios since it provides order-of-magnitude larger throughput than the existing technologies operating at lower frequencies. However, the contact time in mm-Wave vehicular scenarios becomes even shorter due to the directional nature of the communication. This raises a fundamental question: can the high throughput of mm-Wave make up for the reduction in the contact time? In this paper, we analyze this trade-off and design a first-of-its-kind practical mm-Wave vehicular testbed to evaluate the resulting performance. Specifically, we consider alternative locations for the RSU other than at the side of the road, such as on top of a bridge or inside a roundabout. Moreover, we leverage that the road implicitly determines the direction in which the RSU expects a car to be located. This allows us to use fixed beam-steering at both the car and the RSU, thus avoiding costly beam-training. We validate our approach in real-world vehicular scenarios with actual traffic in a mid-sized town in Spain. The results show that our fixed beam-steering approach enables the RSU to transmit large amounts of data in a very short amount of time for a wide range of speeds. This allows us to provide detailed insights into the aforementioned fundamental question regarding the use of mm-Wave in vehicular scenarios.
46 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...Transmission in the mm-Wave band is shown to achieve multi-gigabit-per-second rates, and may thus solve once and for all the capacity issue in cellular and WiFi networks [7]....
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References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....
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...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....
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...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....
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TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.
Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems.
With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.
2,717 citations
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.
2,487 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper
...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....
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...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....
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...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....
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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.
Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.
1,813 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....
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...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....
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