Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
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TL;DR: This analysis provides guidelines for selecting the best performing method depending on the particular transmission situation and insight into their ergodic behavior in terms of signal to interference and noise ratio as well as achievable transmission rate.
Abstract: Cellular networks are a central part of today's communication infrastructure. The global roll-out of 4G long-term evolution is underway, ideally enabling ubiquitous broadband Internet access. Mobile network operators, however, are currently facing an exponentially increasing demand for network capacity, necessitating densification of cellular base stations (keywords: small cells and heterogeneous networks) and causing a strongly deteriorated interference environment. Coordination among transmitters and receivers to mitigate and/or exploit interference is hence seen as a main path toward 5G mobile networks. We provide an overview of existing coordinated beamforming strategies for interference mitigation in broadcast and interference channels. To gain insight into their ergodic behavior in terms of signal to interference and noise ratio as well as achievable transmission rate, we focus on a simplified but representative scenario with two transmitters that serve two users. This analysis provides guidelines for selecting the best performing method depending on the particular transmission situation.
45 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...Furthermore, with the advent of millimeter wave as a promising 5G technology [18], coordination between multiple transmitters will not only be necessary to avoid interference, but also to improve coverage by exploiting the macro diversity provided by several non-collocated transmitters, in order to mitigate severe shadowing and blockages at such high carrier frequencies....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a spectrally efficient frequency division multiplexing (SEFDM) was proposed to increase transmission data rates without changing signal bandwidth and modulation format in a 60 GHz mm-wave radio-over-fiber scenario.
Abstract: A bandwidth compressed waveform termed spectrally efficient frequency division multiplexing (SEFDM) is experimentally demonstrated in a 60-GHz millimeter-wave (mm-wave) radio-over-fiber scenario to increase transmission data rates without changing signal bandwidth and modulation format. Experimental results show the advantages of SEFDM and confirm that the bit rate of SEFDM signals can be substantially higher than that of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. Experimentally, a 2.25 Gbit/s 4QAM OFDM signal is transmitted through 250 m of OM-1 multi-mode fiber and then it is optically up converted to 60 GHz band at the photodiode before delivery to a mm-wave antenna for transmission over a 3 meter wireless link. The work demonstrates that when the OFDM signal is replaced by an SEFDM signal using the same modulation format and occupying the same bandwidth, the bit rate can be increased, by a factor of up to 67%, to 3.75 Gbit/s at the expense of a 3-dB power penalty. Additionally, a bandwidth compressed 4QAM SEFDM is shown to outperform an 8QAM OFDM of the same spectral efficiency, thereby verifying that a lower order modulation format may replace a higher order one and achieve performance gain.
45 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...The increasing demand of high speed data rates may be addressed by the utilization of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) [2] radio frequencies, which have wider unlicensed signal bandwidths....
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: Indoor propagation measurements and large-scale indoor path loss models at 140 GHz are provided, revealing similar path loss exponent and shadow fading as observed at 28 and 73 GHz.
Abstract: This paper provides indoor reflection, scattering, transmission, and large-scale path loss measurements and models, which describe the main propagation mechanisms at millimeter wave and Terahertz frequencies. Channel properties for common building materials (drywall and clear glass) are carefully studied at 28, 73, and 140 GHz using a wideband sliding correlation based channel sounder system with rotatable narrow-beam horn antennas. Reflection coefficient is shown to linearly increase as the incident angle increases, and lower reflection loss (e.g., stronger reflections) are observed as frequencies increase for a given incident angle. Although backscatter from drywall is present at 28, 73, and 140 GHz, smooth surfaces (like drywall) are shown to be modeled as a simple reflected surface, since the scattered power is 20 dB or more below the reflected power over the measured range of frequency and angles. Partition loss tends to increase with frequency, but the amount of loss is material dependent. Both clear glass and drywall are shown to induce a depolarizing effect, which becomes more prominent as frequency increases. Indoor propagation measurements and large-scale indoor path loss models at 140 GHz are provided, revealing similar path loss exponent and shadow fading as observed at 28 and 73 GHz. The measurements and models in this paper can be used for future wireless system design and other applications within buildings for frequencies above 100 GHz.
45 citations
Cites background or methods from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...The close-in (CI) path loss model with 1 m reference distance [1] fits perfectly to the measured data, indicating that the CI model is viable well above 100 GHz....
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...have been extensively described in [1], [20], [21] and the specifications of the channel sounder system are summarized in Table I....
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...5 presents the directional path loss scatter plot and best-fit CI path loss model [1], [29] at 142 GHz for both LOS and NLOS environment....
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...Incident angles of θi = 10°, 30°, 60°, TABLE I: Summary of channel sounder systems and antennas used in measurements at 28 GHz, 73 GHz and 142 GHz [1], [20], [21]...
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...Early work shows that weather and propagation impairments are not very different from today’s mmWave all the way up to 400 GHz [1], [2], [14]....
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TL;DR: The benefits of using faster than symbol rate (FTSR) sampling in an uplink massive MIMO system with 1-bit ADCs in terms of symbol error rate (SER) are illustrated and a tradeoff between temporal oversampling and the number of receive antennas is established.
Abstract: Low-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) have attracted much attention lately for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and systems with large bandwidth. Especially, 1-bit ADCs are suitable for such systems due to their low-power consumption and cost. In this paper, we illustrate the benefits of using faster than symbol rate (FTSR) sampling in an uplink massive MIMO system with 1-bit ADCs in terms of symbol error rate (SER). We show that the FTSR sampling provides about 5-dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) advantage in terms of SER and achievable rate with a linear zero-forcing-type receiver. We also develop analytical bounds on the SER and achievable rate performance of uplink massive MIMO structures with 1-bit quantization for the FTSR scenario for the whole SNR region. The proposed analytical bound holds not only for the FTSR case but also to yield more accurate results compared with some other analytical expressions in the literature. Our results establish a tradeoff between temporal oversampling and the number of receive antennas.
45 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...Since high sampling frequencies will be the case for millimeter wave (mmWave) communication scenarios [11], it is reasonable to use low resolution ADCs to limit the power consumption due to ADCs....
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18 Mar 2014
TL;DR: The proposed channel model lies between a fully statisticallyChannel model and a ray-tracing based channel model and captures the key channel characteristics and shows a good match of the channel model with measurement results.
Abstract: High frequency band millimeter wave (mmWave) communication is expected to be one of the key components for 5G wireless communications system. In designing the new air interfaces for mmWave, understanding the channel is a fundamental step. In this paper, we look into the key characteristics of the high frequency band channel and present a channel modeling framework based on geometry statistics. The proposed channel model lies between a fully statistically channel model and a ray-tracing based channel model and captures the key channel characteristics. Numerical results show a good match of the channel model with measurement results.
45 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...The root mean square (RMS) delay spread (DS) distribution showed that the 50% DS less than 20 ns and 90% DS less than 60 ns which is consistent with the measurement results in [3], [4]....
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...In this section, we calibrate the channel generated by the proposed approach with the channel measurement results by NYU [3], [4]....
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...Coarse reflection surfaces may not appear to be specular to mmWave signals, which will cause scattering and diffusion in addition to reflection, although high reflectivity and large surface scattering can lead to large signals [3]....
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...2 of [3]) or obtained from channel measurements and can be generally applied for all scenarios with the same frequency and atmosphere condition....
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...A notable campaign was done by NYU where extensive channel measurements were conducted at 28 GHz, 39 GHz and 73 GHz bands [3]....
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References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....
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...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....
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...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....
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TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.
Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems.
With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.
2,717 citations
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.
2,487 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper
...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....
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...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....
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...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....
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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.
Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.
1,813 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....
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...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....
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