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Journal Article•DOI•

Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!

Theodore S. Rappaport1, Shu Sun1, Rimma Mayzus1, Hang Zhao1, Yaniv Azar1, Kevin H. Wang1, George N. Wong1, Jocelyn K. Schulz1, Mathew K. Samimi1, Felix Gutierrez1 •
New York University1
10 May 2013-IEEE Access (IEEE)-Vol. 1, pp 335-349
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
Dethroning GPS: Low-Power Accurate 5G Positioning Systems Using Machine Learning

[...]

Joao Gante1, Leonel Sousa1, Gabriel Falcao2•
INESC-ID1, University of Coimbra2
28 Apr 2020-IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems
TL;DR: The proposed method significantly reduces the energy required for precise positioning in the presence of millimeter wave networks, enabling the design of more efficient and accurate positioning-enabled mobile devices.
Abstract: Over the last years positioning systems have become increasingly pervasive, covering most of the planet’s surface. Although they are accurate enough for a large number of uses, their precision, power consumption, and hardware requirements establish the limits for their adoption in mobile devices. In this paper, the energy consumption of a proposed deep learning-based millimeter wave positioning method is assessed, being subsequently compared to the state-of-the-art on accurate outdoor positioning systems. Requiring as low as 0.4 mJ per position fix, when compared to the most recent assisted-GPS implementations the proposed method has energy efficiency gains of $\mathbf {47\times }$ and $\mathbf {85\times }$ for continuous and sporadic position fixes (respectively), while also having slightly lower estimation errors. Therefore, the proposed method significantly reduces the energy required for precise positioning in the presence of millimeter wave networks, enabling the design of more efficient and accurate positioning-enabled mobile devices.

43 citations

Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...Gain 10 dBi (as in [46]) Detection Threshold −100 dBm Added Noise σ = [2, 10] dB (Log-Normal)...

    [...]

  • ...5G brought back to attention Millimeter Wave (mmWave) communication systems [2], resulting in new proposals for positioning systems [3]....

    [...]

Proceedings Article•DOI•
Evaluation of Empirical Ray-Tracing Model for an Urban Outdoor Scenario at 73 GHz E-Band

[...]

Huan Cong Nguyen1, George R. MacCartney2, Timothy A. Thomas3, Theodore S. Rappaport2, Benny Vejlgaard3, Preben Mogensen1 •
Aalborg University1, New York University2, Nokia3
04 Dec 2014
TL;DR: The comparison between the measured and predicted results show good accuracy is obtained when a simplified RT model is used, suggesting that fast and simple ray tracers will be able to correctly predict the propagation characteristics at mmWave bands.
Abstract: In the summer of 2013, a wideband propagation measurement campaign using rotating directional antennas at 73 GHz was conducted at the New York University (NYU) campus, in order to collect extensive field measurements for use in a millimeter wave (mmWave) E-band statistical channel model. While the measurement campaign provided over 50 Gigabytes of wideband power delay profiles and angular responses [1], [2], the time and labor intensive measurements were based on only 5 transmitter (Tx) locations and 27 receiver (Rx) locations, making up a total of 74 Tx-Rx link combinations. To help generalize the measurements for immediate model development and eventual site planning, this paper presents an empirical ray-tracing model, with the goal of finding a suitable approach such that ray-tracing (RT) can fill in the gaps of the measurements. Here, we use the measured data to investigate the prediction capability of an empirical RT model, in which the 3D model of New York City (including the building structures and interaction losses) are greatly simplified. The comparison between the measured and predicted results show good accuracy is obtained when a simplified RT model is used, suggesting that fast and simple ray tracers will be able to correctly predict the propagation characteristics at mmWave bands.

43 citations

Cites background or methods or result from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...up for predicted demand into the next decade [3]....

    [...]

  • ...2 shows the actual measured received powers in New York City for all available Tx-Rx pairs from the exemplary transmitter location TX-KAU (shown as the triangle) as overlaid on the power predicted by RT. Note that all measurement values presented in this section are taken from the best measured pointing angle combination [1], [2], unless otherwise stated....

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  • ...3 indicates the measured and predicted path loss for all available TxRx pairs in the BS-MS scenario in New York City, where we compare the measured data with the predicted ray-traced data on the basis of different Rx heights (e.g. 2 m vs. 4.06 m)....

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  • ...to channel modeling, given the fact future mmWave devices will likely use 2D arrays at mmWave [3]....

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  • ...In order to realistically assess mmWave propagation in urban environments, extensive wide-band channel measurement campaigns have been made in outdoor urban environments in Austin, Texas and New York City [3], [6]....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Blind Interference Alignment for Cellular Networks

[...]

Maximo Morales-Cespedes1, Jorge Plata-Chaves2, Dimitris Toumpakaris3, Syed A. Jafar4, Ana Garcia Armada1 •
Charles III University of Madrid1, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven2, University of Patras3, University of California, Irvine4
01 Jan 2015-IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
TL;DR: A blind interference alignment scheme for partially connected cellular networks that cancels both intracell and intercell interference by relying on receivers with one reconfigurable antenna and by allowing users at the cell edge to be served by all the base stations in their proximity is proposed.
Abstract: We propose a blind interference alignment scheme for partially connected cellular networks. The scheme cancels both intracell and intercell interference by relying on receivers with one reconfigurable antenna and by allowing users at the cell edge to be served by all the base stations in their proximity. An outer bound for the degrees of freedom is derived for general partially connected networks with single-antenna receivers when knowledge of the channel state information at the transmitter is not available. It is demonstrated that for symmetric scenarios, this outer bound is achieved by the proposed scheme. On the other hand, for asymmetric scenarios, the achievable degrees of freedom are not always equal to the outer bound. However, the penalty is typically small, and the proposed scheme outperforms other blind interference alignment schemes. Moreover, significant reduction of the supersymbol length is achieved compared with a standard blind interference alignment strategy designed for fully connected networks.

43 citations

Additional excerpts

  • ...ỹ([1]) = ⎡ ⎢⎢⎢⎣ y[1][1]− y[1][7] y[1][2]− y[1][8] y[1][5] ⎤ ⎥⎥⎥⎦ = ⎡ ⎢⎢⎢⎣ h[1](1) T h[1](2) T h[1](3) T ⎤ ⎥⎥⎥⎦ } {{ } H[1] u([1]) 1 + ⎡ ⎢⎢⎢⎣ z[1][1]− z[1][7] z[1][2]− z[1][8] z[1][3] ⎤ ⎥⎥⎥⎦ } {{ } z̃[1] , (2....

    [...]

  • ...Now, if we consider the signal received at the private user 1 in cell n ⎡ ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣ y[p1,n][1] y[p1,n][2] y[p1,n][3] y[p1,n][7] ⎤ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦ = ⎡ ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣ h[p1,n,n](1)Tx[n][1] + 02,1x [n][1] h[p1,n,n](1)Tx[n][2] + 02,1x [n][2] h[p1,n,n](1)Tx[n][3] + 02,1x [n][3] h[p1,n,n](1)Tx[n][7] + 02,1x [n][7] ⎤ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦...

    [...]

  • ...Thus, the signal received at user sh1 during its alignment block is given by ⎡ ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣ y[sh1][1] y[sh1][2] y[sh1][3] y[sh1][7] ⎤ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦ = ⎡ ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣ h[sh1](1)Tx[1] h[sh1](2)Tx[2] h[sh1](3)Tx[3] h[sh1](4)Tx[7] ⎤ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦ (4....

    [...]

  • ...= ⎡ ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣ h[p1,n,n](1)Tu [p1,n,n] 1 h[p1,n,n](1)Tu [p1,n,n] 2 h[p1,n,n](1)Tu [p1,n,n] 3 0 ⎤ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦ } {{ } desired signals + ⎡ ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣ h[p1,n,n](1)T h[p1,n,n](1)T h[p1,n,n](1)T h[p1,n,n](1)T ⎤ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦ } {{ } interference u1 1 + ⎡ ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣ z[p1,n][1] z[p1,n][2] z[p1,n][3] z[p1,n][7] ⎤ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦ , (4....

    [...]

  • ...0 ⎤ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦ } {{ } interference + ⎡ ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣ z[sh1][1] z[sh1][2] z[sh1][3] z[sh1][7] ⎤ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦ ,...

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
A Wideband Dual-Circular-Polarization Horn Antenna for mmWave Wireless Communications

[...]

Chao Shu1, Junbo Wang2, Shaoqing Hu1, Yuan Yao2, Junsheng Yu2, Yasir Alfadhl1, Xiao Dong Chen1 •
Queen Mary University of London1, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications2
10 Jul 2019-IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
TL;DR: In this article, a dual-circular-polarized antenna operating in the W-band based on an optimized waveguide septum polarizer and a profiled smooth-wall horn is presented.
Abstract: This letter presents our design and experimental verification of a wideband dual-circular-polarized antenna operating in the W-band based on an optimized waveguide septum polarizer and a profiled smooth-wall horn. This antenna is capable of transmitting and receiving two orthogonal circular-polarized signals [left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP)] simultaneously to achieve full-duplex, hence, twofold spectrum efficiency for millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communications. The fabricated antenna shows 21% relative bandwidth from 76.8 to 94.7 GHz with axial ratio 20 dB for both LHCP and RHCP.

43 citations

Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...M ILLIMETER-WAVE (mmWave) wireless communications has attracted great interest in recent years and is considered as a promising technology that can provide high data rate for wireless links beyond 5G [1]....

    [...]

Posted Content•
Indoor Office Wideband Penetration Loss Measurements at 73 GHz

[...]

Jacqueline Ryan1, George R. MacCartney1, Theodore S. Rappaport1•
New York University1
23 Mar 2017-arXiv: Information Theory
TL;DR: The penetration loss results presented here are useful for site-specific planning tools that will model indoor mmWave networks, without the need for expensive measurement campaigns.
Abstract: This paper presents millimeter wave (mmWave) penetration loss measurements and analysis at 73 GHz using a wideband sliding correlator channel sounder in an indoor office environment. Penetration loss was measured using a carefully controlled measurement setup for many common indoor building materials such as glass doors, glass windows, closet doors, steel doors, and whiteboard writing walls. Measurements were conducted using narrowbeam transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) horn antennas that were boresight-aligned with a test material between the antennas. Overall, 21 different locations were measured for 6 different materials such that the same type of material was tested in at least two locations in order to characterize the effect of penetration loss for materials with similar composition. As shown here, attenuation through common materials ranged between 0.8 dB/cm and 9.9 dB/cm for co-polarized antennas, while cross-polarized antennas exhibited similar attenuation for most materials, but up to 23.4 dB/cm of attenuation for others. The penetration loss results presented here are useful for site-specific planning tools that will model indoor mmWave networks, without the need for expensive measurement campaigns.

43 citations

References
More filters
Book•
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice

[...]

Theodore S. Rappaport
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher: The indispensable guide to wireless communications—now fully revised and updated! Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step. Coverage includes: An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technology—today's and tomorrow's.

17,102 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Scaling Up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays

[...]

Fredrik Rusek1, Daniel Persson1, Buon Kiong Lau1, Erik G. Larsson1, Thomas L. Marzetta, Fredrik Tufvesson •
Lund University1
01 Jan 2013-IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

5,158 citations

"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....

    [...]

  • ...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....

    [...]

  • ...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays

[...]

Fredrik Rusek, Daniel Persson, Buon Kiong Lau, Erik G. Larsson, Thomas L. Marzetta, Ove Edfors, Fredrik Tufvesson 
16 Jan 2012-arXiv: Information Theory
TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.
Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems. With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.

2,717 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
An introduction to millimeter-wave mobile broadband systems

[...]

Zhouyue Pi1, Farooq Khan1•
Samsung1
07 Jun 2011-IEEE Communications Magazine
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.

2,487 citations

"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper

  • ...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....

    [...]

  • ...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....

    [...]

  • ...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....

    [...]

Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice (2nd Edition) by

[...]

Theodore S. Rappaport
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.
Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.

1,813 citations

"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....

    [...]

  • ...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....

    [...]

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Jeffrey G. Andrews, Stefano Buzzi, Wan Choi, Stephen V. Hanly, Angel Lozano, Anthony C. K. Soong, Jianzhong Charlie Zhang 
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