Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Citations
More filters
11 Jan 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the system-level requirements and design challenges on mm-wave power amplifiers due to high dynamic range signals and then introduce recent advances in mm-Wave PA technologies and innovations with several design examples.
Abstract: The next-generation 5G and beyond-5G wireless systems have stimulated a substantial growth in research, development, and deployment of mm-Wave electronic systems and antenna arrays at various scales. It is also envisioned that large dynamic range modulation signals with high spectral efficiency will be ubiquitously employed in future communication and sensing systems. As the interface between the antennas and transceiver electronics, power amplifiers (PAs) typically govern the output power, energy efficiency, and reliability of the entire wireless systems. However, the wide use of high dynamic range signals at mm-Wave carrier frequencies substantially complicates the design of PAs and demands an ultimate balance of energy efficiency and linearity as well as other PA performances. In this review paper, we will first introduce the system-level requirements and design challenges on mm-Waves PAs due to high dynamic range signals. We will review advanced active load modulation architectures for mm-Wave PAs and power devices. We will then introduce recent advances in mm-Wave PA technologies and innovations with several design examples. Special design considerations on mm-Wave PAs for phased array MIMOs and high mm-Wave frequencies will be outlined. We will also share our vision on future technology trends and innovation opportunities.
40 citations
10 Apr 2016
TL;DR: Ray tracing results demonstrate that ignoring the effect of the channel gain effect can lead to a severe overestimation of shadowing standard deviation, which can have critical impact on system simulations that require spatial consistency for large-scale movement, such as most mm-wave systems.
Abstract: This paper consider a fundamental issue of pathloss modeling in urban environments, namely the spatial consistency of the model as the mobile station (MS) moves along a trajectory through street canyons. We show that the traditional model of power law pathloss plus lognormally distributed variations can provide misleading results that can have serious implications for system simulations. Rather, the pathloss coefficient has to be modeled as a random variable that changes from street to street, and is also a function of the street orientation. Variations of the channel gain, taken over the ensemble of the whole cell (or multiple cells) thus consist of the compound effect of these pathloss coefficient variations together with traditional shadowing variations along the trajectory of movement. Ray tracing results demonstrate that ignoring this effect can lead to a severe overestimation of shadowing standard deviation. While the effect is irrelevant for “drop-based” simulations, it can have critical impact on system simulations that require spatial consistency for large-scale movement, such as most mm-wave systems.
40 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...This has lead to a renaissance in interest for mm-wave systems [1]....
[...]
TL;DR: This paper addresses two channel estimation problems for large-scale multiple-input multiple-output system with full-duplex relay, where both the base station and the relay estimate their respective channels, and cascaded estimation, where only the BS estimates the cascaded two-hop channel.
Abstract: The large-scale multiple-input multiple-output system with full-duplex relay is a promising candidate for future mobile communication systems, where accurate channel estimation is very challenging due to interference. In this paper, we address two channel estimation problems for such systems: individual estimation, where both the base station (BS) and the relay estimate their respective channels, and cascaded estimation, where only the BS estimates the cascaded two-hop channel. For the BS, we propose an estimator that exploits the sparsity and slowly varying nature of the channel in the beam domain. Then, we analyze the probability of correctly distinguishing the desired and interfering direct-link channels. For the relay, we present an estimator that simultaneously estimates both the source-to-relay and self-interference channels based on the expectation–maximization algorithm. The performance of this estimator is also analyzed. Numerical results demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed channel estimators and corroborate the analysis results.
40 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...The nextgeneration system may well utilize higher spectral bands such as millimeter-wave bands; thus, with the advancement of circuit technologies, large-scale antenna arrays can be deployed at both the base station (BS) and the relay in a small area [3], substantially improving the spectral efficiency due to its multiplexing and array gains [4], [5]....
[...]
TL;DR: A new channel estimation algorithm based on the Bayesian compressive sensing (BCS) and least square estimation (LSE) is proposed and results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better performance compared with the conventional BCS and orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm.
Abstract: This letter considers the problem of channel estimation for millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output systems under a transmitter impairments model. Specifically, taking the transmitter hardware impairments into account, the performance of conventional pilots-based channel estimation scheme will be degraded due to the destroyed training pilots. By exploiting the sparsity of mmWave channel in the angular domain, a new channel estimation algorithm based on the Bayesian compressive sensing (BCS) and least square estimation (LSE) is proposed. First, the expectation maximization algorithm is presented to solve the BCS problem, and the refined measurement matrix and the support of the channel vector are obtained. Next, the channel gain coefficients are estimated by using the LSE. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better performance compared with the conventional BCS and orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm.
40 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication has been considered as a promising technique for the fifth generation (5G) mobile networks [1]....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors carried out detailed signal and distortion modeling in broadband multi-user hybrid MIMO systems, with a bank of nonlinear PAs in each subarray, while also taking the inevitable crosstalk between the antenna/PA branches into account.
Abstract: Efficient mitigation of power amplifier (PA) nonlinear distortion in multi-user hybrid precoding based broadband mmWave systems is an open research problem. In this article, we carry out detailed signal and distortion modeling in broadband multi-user hybrid MIMO systems, with a bank of nonlinear PAs in each subarray, while also take the inevitable crosstalk between the antenna/PA branches into account. Building on the derived models, we adopt and describe an efficient closed-loop (CL) digital predistortion (DPD) solution that utilizes only a single-input DPD unit per transmit chain or subarray, despite crosstalk, providing thus substantial complexity-benefit compared to the state-of-the art multi-dimensional DPD solutions. We show that under spatially correlated multipath propagation, each single-input DPD unit can provide linearization towards every intended user, or more generally, towards all spatial directions where coherent propagation is taking place, and that the adopted CL DPD system is robust against crosstalk. Extensive numerical results building on practical measurement-based mmWave PA models are provided, demonstrating and verifying the excellent linearization performance of the overall DPD system in different evaluation scenarios.
39 citations
References
More filters
Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....
[...]
...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....
[...]
...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....
[...]
TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.
Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems.
With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.
2,717 citations
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.
2,487 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper
...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....
[...]
...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....
[...]
...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....
[...]
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.
Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.
1,813 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....
[...]
...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....
[...]