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Journal ArticleDOI

Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!

TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An analytical framework to evaluate the signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio coverage in the uplink of millimeter wave cellular networks and results suggest that D-FPC outperforms PL-F PC scheme at high area spectral efficiency and energy efficiency.
Abstract: In this paper, using the concept of stochastic geometry, we present an analytical framework to evaluate the signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio ( $\text{SINR}$ ) coverage in the uplink of millimeter wave cellular networks. By using a distance-dependent line-of-sight (LOS) probability function, the location of LOS and nonLOS users are modeled as two independent nonhomogeneous Poisson point processes, with each having a different pathloss exponent. The analysis takes account of per-user fractional power control (FPC), which couples the transmission of users based on location-dependent channel inversion. We consider the following scenarios in our analysis: 1) pathloss-based FPC (PL-FPC) which is performed using the measured pathloss and 2) distance-based FPC (D-FPC) which is performed using the measured distance. Using the developed framework, we derive expressions for the area spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. Results suggest that in terms of $\text{SINR}$ coverage, D-FPC outperforms PL-FPC scheme at high $\text{SINR}$ where the future networks are expected to operate. It achieves equal or better area spectral efficiency and energy efficiency compared with the PL-FPC scheme. Contrary to the conventional ultra-high frequency cellular networks, in both FPC schemes, the $\text{SINR}$ coverage decreases as the cell density becomes greater than a threshold, while the area spectral efficiency experiences a slow growth region.

35 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...The measurements showed that mmWave signals propagate with a pathloss exponent of 2 in LOS paths and a much higher pathloss exponent with additional shadowing in NLOS paths [2], [6]....

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  • ...Only recently did survey measurements and capacity studies of mmWave technology reveal its promise for urban small cell deployments [2], [6]–[8]....

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  • ...Furthermore, it has been revealed via the channel measurements in [2], [6] that blockages result in a significant difference between the line-ofsight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) pathloss characteristics....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper tackles the problem of minimum time length link scheduling in 60-GHz ad hoc wireless networks using directional antennas with directional beamforming, under both traffic demand and signal to interference and noise ratio constraints, and develops two effective solution algorithms.
Abstract: In this paper, we tackle the problem of minimum time length link scheduling in 60-GHz ad hoc wireless networks using directional antennas with directional beamforming, under both traffic demand and signal to interference and noise ratio constraints. Both single-hop and multi-hop cases are considered. For the single-hop scenario, a binary integer programming problem is formulated by incorporating a general interference model for directional transmissions and a Markov chain-based blockage model. Two effective solution algorithms are proposed, including a greedy algorithm that maximizes the instant throughput for each time slot, and a column generation-based algorithm that iteratively improves the current link schedule. For the multi-hop scenario, we develop a more complicated problem formulation incorporating both route selection and flow conservation constraints. We also develop an effective algorithm to solve the multi-hop problem. The performance of the proposed algorithms is validated with simulations.

35 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...Several standard organizations have been working on developing standards for 60 GHz networks [1] and mmWave communications, along with the resulting ultra-dense small cells [2]–[4], have been recognized as a core technology for the future 5th generation wireless systems (5G) [5]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The potential and how cognitive radio and spectrum handoff can be useful in the attempt to provide real-time reliable and smooth communication for IWSNs are discussed.

35 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The framework with the aim of contributing to the solidification of the technological foundations and longevity of 5G WMB systems is presented and the importance of advanced management intelligence is stressed.
Abstract: Today there are forceful work streams that aim at realizing the fifth generation of wireless/mobile broadband (5G WMB). The work is driven by a framework that consists of three main requirements and two main sets of technology trends. This article presents the framework with the aim of contributing to the solidification of the technological foundations and longevity of 5G WMB systems. The requirements call for the proper provisioning of a large and rap-idly expanding set of applications/services, the higher valorization of the infrastructure, and a drastic improvement of the energy efficiency. As will be explained, these requirements fulfill the need for fast and reliable ser-vice deployment, offering all types of relevant quality of ser-vice (QoS)/quality of experience (QoE), handling demanding and changing contexts of operation (exploding user-data/signaling trafflc volumes and diverse mobility/radio conditions), providing means for the higher monetization of service provision, and drastically improving the cost efficiency. In parallel, the first set of technology trends includes the expansion of the WMB infrastructure features in terms of a new multiservice radio interface, networking options, and ways of architecting the system due to the introduction of the software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) concepts. There is also the trend of becoming more of a cloud platform instead of being a mere communication system. The importance of advanced management intelligence is also stressed in this article.

35 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...■ the use of a wider range of bands (as indicated in [5]), which may be licensed in various ways and administered based on dynamic spectrum management [10]...

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  • ...Consequently, there are currently many ongoing attempts to conceive and develop a new, 5G WMB [5], [6]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a circularly polarized multibeam antenna array based on magnetoelectric (ME) dipole is proposed, which is fed by a substrate integrated waveguide 5 × 6 Butler matrix.
Abstract: A circularly polarized multibeam antenna array based on magnetoelectric (ME) dipole is proposed, which is fed by a substrate integrated waveguide 5 × 6 Butler matrix. There are two points that are key to completing the design—the wide axial-ratio (AR) beamwidth antenna element and the appropriate beamforming network. By adjusting the shape of the radiation patch of ME dipole, the amplitude of the orthogonal field becomes flatter at a wide angle, and the phase difference is maintained at 90°; hence, an antenna element with a wide 3 dB AR beamwidth can be achieved. In order to ensure the generation of normal beam, a 5 × 6 Butler matrix using the 3 × 3 Butler matrix is selected as the beamforming network. The proposed structure operates in the range of 27.5–28.5 GHz and generates five circularly polarized beams that cover the range of ±40°. The gain of all these beams is approximately 12.5 dBi.

35 citations

References
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Book
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher: The indispensable guide to wireless communications—now fully revised and updated! Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step. Coverage includes: An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technology—today's and tomorrow's.

17,102 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

5,158 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....

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  • ...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....

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  • ...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.
Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems. With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.

2,717 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Zhouyue Pi1, Farooq Khan1
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.

2,487 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper

  • ...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....

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  • ...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....

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  • ...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....

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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.
Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.

1,813 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....

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  • ...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....

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