Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!

doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2260813

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Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!

Journal Article•DOI•

Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!

Theodore S. Rappaport¹, Shu Sun¹, Rimma Mayzus¹, Hang Zhao¹, Yaniv Azar¹, Kevin H. Wang¹, George N. Wong¹, Jocelyn K. Schulz¹, Mathew K. Samimi¹, Felix Gutierrez¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (1)

New York University¹

10 May 2013-IEEE Access (IEEE)-Vol. 1, pp 335-349

TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.

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Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A Comprehensive Survey of RAN Architectures Toward 5G Mobile Communication System

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Mohammad Asif Habibi¹, Meysam Nasimi¹, Bin Han¹, Hans D. Schotten¹•Institutions (1)

Kaiserslautern University of Technology¹

28 May 2019-IEEE Access

TL;DR: An inclusive and comprehensive survey on various RAN architectures toward 5G, namely cloud-RAN, heterogeneous cloud-rAN, virtualized cloud- RAN, and fog-Ran, and compares them from various perspectives, such as energy consumption, operations expenditure, resource allocation, spectrum efficiency, system architecture, and network performance.

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Abstract: The fifth generation (5G) of mobile communication system aims to deliver a ubiquitous mobile service with enhanced quality of service (QoS). It is also expected to enable new use-cases for various vertical industrial applications-such as automobiles, public transportation, medical care, energy, public safety, agriculture, entertainment, manufacturing, and so on. Rapid increases are predicted to occur in user density, traffic volume, and data rate. This calls for novel solutions to the requirements of both mobile users and vertical industries in the next decade. Among various available options, one that appears attractive is to redesign the network architecture-more specifically, to reconstruct the radio access network (RAN). In this paper, we present an inclusive and comprehensive survey on various RAN architectures toward 5G, namely cloud-RAN, heterogeneous cloud-RAN, virtualized cloud-RAN, and fog-RAN. We compare them from various perspectives, such as energy consumption, operations expenditure, resource allocation, spectrum efficiency, system architecture, and network performance. Moreover, we review the key enabling technologies for 5G systems, such as multi-access edge computing, network function virtualization, software-defined networking, and network slicing; and some crucial radio access technologies (RATs), such as millimeter wave, massive multi-input multi-output, device-to-device communication, and massive machine-type communication. Last but not least, we discuss the major research challenges in 5G RAN and 5G RATs and identify several possible directions of future research.

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205 citations

Cites background or methods from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

...such as small cells/backhaul on the order of 200m [201],...
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...Last but not least, in [201], the authors present motivation for the deployment of mmWave communication, hardware for mmWave communication measurements, and various types of measurement results in 28 and 38 GHz frequencies in terms of directional antennas at both BSs and end-user devices....
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...Recently, different aspects of mmWave communication have been discussed in several papers including [201], [205]–[213]....
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...measurement implemented by New York University, it was observed that reliable communication links can only be established within the range of 200m [201], which is because the millimeter wave signal is sensitive to blockages (buildings,...
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Posted Content•

A Survey of Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Communications for 5G: Opportunities and Challenges.

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Yong Niu, Yong Li¹, Depeng Jin, Li Su, Athanasios V. Vasilakos - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Tsinghua University¹

25 Feb 2015-arXiv: Networking and Internet Architecture

TL;DR: A survey of existing solutions and standards is carried out, and design guidelines in architectures and protocols for mmWave communications are proposed, which should be further investigated to facilitate the deployment of mmWave communication systems in the future 5G networks.

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Abstract: With the explosive growth of mobile data demand, the fifth generation (5G) mobile network would exploit the enormous amount of spectrum in the millimeter wave (mmWave) bands to greatly increase communication capacity There are fundamental differences between mmWave communications and existing other communication systems, in terms of high propagation loss, directivity, and sensitivity to blockage These characteristics of mmWave communications pose several challenges to fully exploit the potential of mmWave communications, including integrated circuits and system design, interference management, spatial reuse, anti-blockage, and dynamics control To address these challenges, we carry out a survey of existing solutions and standards, and propose design guidelines in architectures and protocols for mmWave communications We also discuss the potential applications of mmWave communications in the 5G network, including the small cell access, the cellular access, and the wireless backhaul Finally, we discuss relevant open research issues including the new physical layer technology, software-defined network architecture, measurements of network state information, efficient control mechanisms, and heterogeneous networking, which should be further investigated to facilitate the deployment of mmWave communication systems in the future 5G networks

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200 citations

Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

...mainly rely on the LOS transmission. There are also channel measurements for mmWave cellular in other bands, such as the 28 GHz band, the 38 GHz band, and the 73 GHz band [35], [36]. Rappaport et al. [19] conducted the 28 GHz urban propagation campaign in New York City, where the distance between the transmitter (TX) and the receiver (RX) ranged from 75 m to 125 m. The results show that the LOS path l...
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...th smaller cell sizes applied to improve spectral efﬁciency to day, the rain attenuation and atmospheric absorption do not create signiﬁcant additional path loss for cell sizes on the order o f 200 m [19]. Therefore, mmWave communications are mainly used for indoor environments, and small cell access and backhaul with cell sizes on the order of 200 m. There have been considerable work on mmWave propag...
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...eme to achieve the trade-off between performance and complexity. B. Cellular Access The large bandwidth in the mmWave bands promotes the usage of mmWave communications in the 5G cellular access [13], [19], [106]. In [107], [108], it is shown that mmWave cellular networks have the potential for high coverage and capacity as long as the infrastructure is densely deployed. Based on the extensive propagat...
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...ity (Gbps) 16.02 12.51 9.05 7.08 5.74 4.75 khaul Access - cel D 2D Intra - D 2 D Access Backhaul Fig. 4. MmWave 5G cellular network architecture with D2D communications enabled. at mmWave frequencies [19], the feasibility and efﬁciency o f applying mmWave communications in the cellular access have been demonstrated at 28 GHz and 38 GHz with the cell sizes at the order of 200 m. It is shown in [109] th...
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Proceedings Article•DOI•

Radar aided beam alignment in MmWave V2I communications supporting antenna diversity

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Nuria Gonzalez-Prelcic¹, Roi Mendez-Rial¹, Robert W. Heath²•Institutions (2)

University of Vigo¹, University of Texas at Austin²

01 Jan 2016

TL;DR: This paper proposes a set of algorithms to perform the beam alignment task in a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) scenario, from extracting information from the radar signal to configuring the beams that illuminate the different antennas in the vehicle.

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Abstract: Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication is the only viable approach for high bandwidth connected vehicles exchanging raw sensor data. A main challenge for mmWave in connected vehicles, is that it requires frequent link reconfiguration in mobile environments, which is a source of high overhead. In this paper we introduce the concept of radar aided mmWave vehicular communication. Side information derived from radar mounted on the infrastructure operating in a given mmWave band is used to adapt the beams of the vehicular communication system operating in another millimeter wave band. We propose a set of algorithms to perform the beam alignment task in a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) scenario, from extracting information from the radar signal to configuring the beams that illuminate the different antennas in the vehicle. Simulation results confirm that radar can be a useful source of side information that helps configure the mmWave V2I link.

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199 citations

Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

...The use of mmWave provides access to high bandwidth communication channels, leading to the potential for the required gigabit per second data rates [5]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Multi-Frequency mmWave Massive MIMO Channel Measurements and Characterization for 5G Wireless Communication Systems

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Jie Huang¹, Cheng-Xiang Wang¹, Rui Feng¹, Jian Sun¹, Wensheng Zhang¹, Yang Yang² - Show less +2 more•Institutions (2)

Shandong University¹, Chinese Academy of Sciences²

28 Apr 2017-IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications

TL;DR: New massive MIMO propagation properties, such as spherical wavefront, cluster birth-death, and non-stationarity over the antenna array, are validated for the four mmWave bands by investigating the variations of channel parameters.

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Abstract: Most millimeter wave (mmWave) channel measurements are conducted with different configurations, which may have large impacts on propagation channel characteristics. In addition, the comparison of different mmWave bands is scarce. Moreover, mmWave massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel measurements are absent, and new propagation properties caused by large antenna arrays have rarely been studied yet. In this paper, we carry out mmWave massive MIMO channel measurements at 11-, 16-, 28-, and 38-GHz bands in indoor environments. The space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization algorithm is applied to process the measurement data. Important statistical properties, such as average power delay profile, power azimuth profile, power elevation profile, root mean square delay spread, azimuth angular spread, elevation angular spread, and their cumulative distribution functions and correlation properties, are obtained and compared for different bands. New massive MIMO propagation properties, such as spherical wavefront, cluster birth-death, and non-stationarity over the antenna array, are validated for the four mmWave bands by investigating the variations of channel parameters. Two channel models are used to verify the measurements. The results indicate that massive MIMO effects should be fully characterized for mmWave massive MIMO systems.

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199 citations

Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

..., for wideband cellular communication (hotspot and small cell), wireless backhaul, indoor, and device-to-device (D2D) communications [1], [2]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Terahertz Communication for Vehicular Networks

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Shahid Mumtaz, Josep Miquel Jornet¹, Jocelyn Aulin², Wolfgang H. Gerstacker³, Xiaodai Dong⁴, Bo Ai⁵ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (5)

State University of New York System¹, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg², Huawei³, University of Victoria⁴, Beijing Jiaotong University⁵

01 Jul 2017-IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology

TL;DR: An overview of the opportunities and challenges in THz communications for vehicular networks is provided and the papers in this Special Section which provide first-time solutions to some of these challenges, are introduced.

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Abstract: With the never-ending increase in the number of mobile connected devices and the need for higher data rates anywhere, anytime, higher frequency bands are being considered for communications. As millimeter-wave technology moves from research to commercial deployments, and motivated by the still limited bandwidth, the terahertz (THz) band is envisioned as the next frontier for communications. When it comes to vehicular networks, communication at much higher frequencies and, consequently, with much higher data rates brings many exciting opportunities as well as challenges. In this paper, an overview of the opportunities and challenges in THz communications for vehicular networks is provided. In addition, the papers in this Special Section which provide first-time solutions to some of these challenges, are introduced.

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199 citations

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References

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Book•

Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice

[...]

Theodore S. Rappaport

15 Jan 1996

TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).

...read moreread less

Abstract: From the Publisher: The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated! Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step. Coverage includes: An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.

...read moreread less

17,102 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Scaling Up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays

[...]

Fredrik Rusek¹, Daniel Persson¹, Buon Kiong Lau¹, Erik G. Larsson¹, Thomas L. Marzetta, Fredrik Tufvesson - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

Lund University¹

01 Jan 2013-IEEE Signal Processing Magazine

TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

...read moreread less

5,158 citations

"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper

...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....
[...]
...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....
[...]
...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays

[...]

Fredrik Rusek, Daniel Persson, Buon Kiong Lau, Erik G. Larsson, Thomas L. Marzetta, Ove Edfors, Fredrik Tufvesson - Show less +3 more

16 Jan 2012-arXiv: Information Theory

TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.

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Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems. With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.

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2,717 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

An introduction to millimeter-wave mobile broadband systems

[...]

Zhouyue Pi¹, Farooq Khan¹•Institutions (1)

Samsung¹

07 Jun 2011-IEEE Communications Magazine

TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.

...read moreread less

2,487 citations

"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper

...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....
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...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....
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...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....
[...]

Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice (2nd Edition) by

[...]

Theodore S. Rappaport

01 Jan 2012

TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.

...read moreread less

Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.

...read moreread less

1,813 citations

"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper

...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....
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...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....
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