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Journal ArticleDOI

Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!

TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Citations
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Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a comprehensive overview on the background, range of key applications and state-of-the-art approaches of Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC).
Abstract: As the standardization of 5G is being solidified, researchers are speculating what 6G will be. Integrating sensing functionality is emerging as a key feature of the 6G Radio Access Network (RAN), allowing to exploit the dense cell infrastructure of 5G for constructing a perceptive network. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview on the background, range of key applications and state-of-the-art approaches of Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC). We commence by discussing the interplay between sensing and communications (S&C) from a historical point of view, and then consider multiple facets of ISAC and its performance gains. By introducing both ongoing and potential use cases, we shed light on industrial progress and standardization activities related to ISAC. We analyze a number of performance tradeoffs between S&C, spanning from information theoretical limits, tradeoffs in physical layer performance, to the tradeoff in cross-layer designs. Next, we discuss signal processing aspects of ISAC, namely ISAC waveform design and receive signal processing. As a step further, we provide our vision on the deeper integration between S&C within the framework of perceptive networks, where the two functionalities are expected to mutually assist each other, i.e., communication-assisted sensing and sensing-assisted communications. Finally, we summarize the paper by identifying the potential integration between ISAC and other emerging communication technologies, and their positive impact on the future of wireless networks.

181 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The primary focus is on the use of relays and small cells to improve the energy efficiency of the network and the various scenarios of relaying for the next-generation networks are discussed.
Abstract: In the present scenario, an energy efficiency has become a matter of prime importance for wireless networks. To meet the demands of an increased capacity, an improved data rate, and a better quality of the service of the next-generation networks, there is a need to adopt energy-efficient architectures. Along with these requirements, it is also our social responsibility to reduce the carbon footprint by reducing the power consumption in a wireless network. Hence, a green communication is an urgent need. In this paper, we have surveyed various techniques for the power optimization of the upcoming 5G networks. The primary focus is on the use of relays and small cells to improve the energy efficiency of the network. We have discussed the various scenarios of relaying for the next-generation networks. Along with this, the importance of simultaneous wireless power and information transfer, massive multiple input multiple output, and millimeter waves has been analyzed for 5G networks.

180 citations


Cites methods from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...Appropriate signal processing techniques such as adaptive beamforming will enable the transmitting node to direct signal towards the desired receiver [51]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated low RF-complexity technologies to solve the problem of hardware cost and power consumption in mmWave MIMO systems, and compared the performance of PAHP and LAHP in practice.
Abstract: mmWave MIMO with large antenna array has attracted considerable interest from the academic and industry communities, as it can provide larger bandwidth and higher spectrum efficiency. However, with hundreds of antennas, the number of RF chains required by mmWave MIMO is also huge, leading to unaffordable hardware cost and power consumption in practice. In this article, we investigate low RF-complexity technologies to solve this bottleneck. We first review the evolution of low RF-complexity technologies from microwave frequencies to mmWave frequencies. Then, we discuss two promising low RF-complexity technologies for mmWave MIMO systems in detail, that is PAHP and LAHP, including their principles, advantages, challenges, and recent results. We compare the performance of these two technologies to draw some insights about how they can be deployed in practice. Finally, we conclude this article and point out some future research directions in this area.

180 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the secrecy performance of mmWave cellular networks under a stochastic geometry framework and derived the average number of perfect communication links per unit area in both noncolluding and colluding eavesdroppers scenarios.
Abstract: Recent studies show that millimeter wave (mmWave) communications can offer orders of magnitude, which increases in the cellular capacity. However, the secrecy performance of an mmWave cellular network has not been investigated so far. Leveraging the new path-loss and blockage models for mmWave channels, which are significantly different from the conventional microwave channel, this paper comprehensively studies the network-wide physical layer security performance of the downlink transmission in an mmWave cellular network under a stochastic geometry framework. We first study the secure connectivity probability and the average number of perfect communication links per unit area in a noise-limited mmWave network for both non-colluding and colluding eavesdroppers scenarios, respectively. Then, we evaluate the effect of the artificial noise (AN) on the secrecy performance, and derive the analysis result of average number of perfect communication links per unit area in an interference-limited mmWave network. Numerical results demonstrate the network-wide secrecy performance, and provide interesting insights into how the secrecy performance is influenced by various network parameters: antenna array pattern, base station intensity, and AN power allocation.

179 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the evolution of antenna technologies for cellular hand-held devices over nearly 40 years, starting with the analog-based first generation to the current fourth-generation (4G) mobile broadband.
Abstract: Advances in antenna technologies for cellular hand-held devices have been synchronous with the evolution of mobile phones over nearly 40 years. Having gone through four major wireless evolutions [1], [2], starting with the analog-based first generation to the current fourth-generation (4G) mobile broadband, technologies from manufacturers and their wireless network capacities today are advancing at unprecedented rates to meet our unrelenting service demands. These ever-growing demands, driven by exponential growth in wireless data usage around the globe [3], have gone hand in hand with major technological milestones achieved by the antenna design community. For instance, realizing the theory regarding the physical limitation of antennas [4]-[6] was paramount to the elimination of external antennas for mobile phones in the 1990s. This achievement triggered a variety of revolutionary mobile phone designs and the creation of new wireless services, establishing the current cycle of cellular advances and advances in mobile antenna technologies.

178 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...At mmW frequencies, major loss parameters—including conductive and dielectric dissipations—are generally worsened by a few factors compared to those at microwave frequencies [45]....

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  • ...While mmW 5G radios are designed to utilize nonLoS communication channels, the excessive loss incurred during signal diffraction and reflection [45] will require an additional sensitivity margin that may be beyond realistically available resources for mmW 5G mobile applications....

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References
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Book
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher: The indispensable guide to wireless communications—now fully revised and updated! Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step. Coverage includes: An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technology—today's and tomorrow's.

17,102 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

5,158 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....

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  • ...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....

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  • ...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.
Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems. With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.

2,717 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Zhouyue Pi1, Farooq Khan1
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.

2,487 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper

  • ...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....

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  • ...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....

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  • ...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....

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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.
Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.

1,813 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....

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  • ...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....

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