Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
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TL;DR: Simulation results show the performance advantages of the proposed precoding/combining designs for mmWave multiuser systems, based on the mean-squared error (MSE) criteria.
Abstract: Hybrid analog/digital precoding architectures are a low-complexity alternative for fully digital precoding in millimeter-wave (mmWave) MIMO wireless systems This is motivated by the reduction in the number of radio frequency and mixed signal hardware components Hybrid precoding involves a combination of analog and digital processing that enables both beamforming and spatial multiplexing gains in mmWave systems This paper develops hybrid analog/digital precoding and combining designs for mmWave multiuser systems, based on the mean-squared error (MSE) criteria In the first design with the analog combiners being determined at the users, the proposed hybrid minimum MSE (MMSE) precoder is realized by minimizing the sum-MSE of the data streams intended for the users In the second design, both the hybrid precoder and combiners are jointly designed in an iterative manner to minimize a weighted sum-MSE cost function By leveraging the sparse structure of mmWave channels, the MMSE precoding/combining design problems are then formulated as sparse reconstruction problems An orthogonal matching pursuit-based algorithm is then developed to determine the MMSE precoder and combiners Simulation results show the performance advantages of the proposed precoding/combining designs in various system settings
147 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...Measurement results [3], [35], [36] have shown that there are fewer dominant scatterers are mmWave due to the significance of blockage and the reduced effects of diffraction....
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TL;DR: Experimental results show that the proposed compact dual-polarized quasi Yagi–Uda antennas are very suitable for MIM terminals of next-generation (5G) mobile communications.
Abstract: This paper presents a novel design of compact dual-polarized multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) antennas with endfire radiation for millimeter-wave wireless applications. The low-cost printed circuit board process serves as the basis for the design, fabrication, and measurement of the proposed dual-polarized quasi Yagi–Uda antennas. Addressing the potential antenna locations in a mobile terminal, this paper investigates both the corner and the lateral design of antenna modules. Each design incorporates dual-port dual-polarized antennas co-located in a compact area. The lateral design is further extended to a linear $1 \times 4$ array for high-gain and phased-scanning operation. Experimental results show that the proposed compact dual-polarized quasi Yagi–Uda antennas are very suitable for MIM terminals of next-generation (5G) mobile communications.
146 citations
Additional excerpts
...frequency to the millimeter-wave (mmW) regime [2]....
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TL;DR: The results show that unless the employed beams are very wide, initial beam training with full pilot reuse is nearly as good as perfect beam alignment.
Abstract: Enabling the high data rates of millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular systems requires deploying large antenna arrays at both the basestations and mobile users. Prior work on coverage and rate of mmWave cellular networks focused on the case when basestations and mobile beamforming vectors are predesigned for maximum beamforming gains. Designing beamforming/combining vectors, though, requires training, which may impact both the SINR coverage and rate of mmWave systems. This paper evaluates mmWave cellular network performance while accounting for the beam training/association overhead. First, a model for the initial beam association is developed based on beam sweeping and downlink control pilot reuse. To incorporate the impact of beam training, a new metric, called the effective reliable rate, is defined and adopted. Using stochastic geometry, the effective rate of mmWave cellular networks is derived for two special cases: near-orthogonal pilots and full pilot reuse. Analytical and simulation results provide insights into the answers of two important questions. First, what is the impact of beam association on mmWave network performance? Then, should orthogonal or reused pilots be employed? The results show that unless the employed beams are very wide, initial beam training with full pilot reuse is nearly as good as perfect beam alignment.
145 citations
Cites background or methods from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...Measurements of outdoor mmWave channels showed that they normally have a limited number of scatterers [6], [11]....
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...mmWave deployments will use beamforming with large antenna arrays by both the base stations (BSs) and mobile stations (MSs) to ensure sufficient received signal power [2], [6], [7]....
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...Let αL and αN be the path-loss exponents for the LOS and NLOS links, and let r denote the distance between the typical user and the th BS, then ρ can be defined as ρ = CLr−αL for LOS links and ρ = CNr−αN for the NLOS case, where CL and CN are the intercepts of the path-loss formulas [6], [22]....
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...2) Blockage Model and LOS/NLOS Links: Recent measurements show that mmWave signals are sensitive to blockage, leading to the need for explicit models for line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) path-loss characteristics [6], [22]....
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...In [11], a statistical channel model was developed to incorporate key findings from mmWave channel measurements [6]....
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08 Jun 2015
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal effects of millimeter-wave radiation on the human body were investigated and a temperature-based technique for the evaluation of safety compliance was proposed, where the authors showed that power density is not suitable to determine exposure compliance when millimeter wave devices are used very close to the body.
Abstract: With increasing interest in millimeter-wave wireless communications, investigations on interactions between the human body and millimeter-wave devices are becoming important. This paper gives examples of today's regulatory requirements, and provides an example for a 60 GHz transceiver. Also, the propagation characteristics of millimeter-waves in the presence of the human body are studied, and four models representing different body parts are considered to evaluate thermal effects of millimeter-wave radiation on the body. Simulation results show that about 34% to 42% of the incident power is reflected at the skin surface at 60 GHz. This paper shows that power density is not suitable to determine exposure compliance when millimeter wave devices are used very close to the body. A temperature-based technique for the evaluation of safety compliance is proposed in this paper.
145 citations
01 Mar 2016
TL;DR: The paper discusses both RF frequencies below 10 GHz, where fully digital techniques are preferred, and operation at millimeter (mm)-wave bands where a combination of digital and analog techniques are needed to keep cost and power low.
Abstract: Large arrays of radios have been exploited for beamforming and null steering in both radar and communication applications, but cost and form factor limitations have precluded their use in commercial systems. This paper discusses how to build arrays that enable multiuser massive multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) and aggressive spatial multiplexing with many users sharing the same spectrum. The focus of the paper is the energy- and cost-efficient realization of these arrays in order to enable new applications. Distributed algorithms for beamforming are proposed, and the optimum array size is considered as a function of the performance of the receiver, transmitter, frequency synthesizer, and signal distribution within the array. The effects of errors such as phase noise and synchronization skew across the array are analyzed. The paper discusses both RF frequencies below 10 GHz, where fully digital techniques are preferred, and operation at millimeter (mm)-wave bands where a combination of digital and analog techniques are needed to keep cost and power low.
144 citations
References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....
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...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....
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...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....
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TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.
Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems.
With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.
2,717 citations
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.
2,487 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper
...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....
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...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....
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...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....
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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.
Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.
1,813 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....
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...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....
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