Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
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TL;DR: It is found that a significant amount of power can propagate into the shadow of the user by creeping waves and diffractions, which is much smaller than that of the conventional cellular bands below 3 GHz.
Abstract: In this paper, the user effects on mobile terminal antennas at 28 GHz are statistically investigated with the parameters of body loss, coverage efficiency, and power in the shadow. The data are obtained from the measurements of 12 users in data and talk modes, with the antenna placed on the top and bottom of the chassis. In the measurements, the users hold the phone naturally. The radiation patterns and shadowing regions are also studied. It is found that a significant amount of power can propagate into the shadow of the user by creeping waves and diffractions. A new metric is defined to characterize this phenomenon. A mean body loss of 3.2–4 dB is expected in talk mode, which is also similar to the data mode with the bottom antenna. A body loss of 1 dB is expected in data mode with the top antenna location. The variation of the body loss between the users at 28 GHz is less than 2 dB, which is much smaller than that of the conventional cellular bands below 3 GHz. The coverage efficiency is significantly reduced in talk mode, but only slightly affected in data mode.
77 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...RECENTLY, communications at the millimeter-wave frequencies have become more relevant, because of the design considerations for the upcoming 5G communication systems [1]....
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27 Aug 2015
TL;DR: A low complexity hybrid precoding design for the architecture based on phase shifters is proposed, a greedy algorithm based on the orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm but replacing the costly correlation operations over a dictionary with the element-wise normalization of the first singular vector of the residual.
Abstract: The high cost and power consumption of the radio frequency chain and data converters at mmWave frequencies introduce hardware limitations into the design of MIMO precoders and combiners MmWave hybrid precoding overcomes this limitation by dividing the spatial signal processing between the radio frequency and baseband domains Analog networks of phase shifters have been proposed to implement the radio frequency precoders, since they achieve a good compromise between complexity and performance In this paper, we propose a low complexity hybrid precoding design for the architecture based on phase shifters The new method is a greedy algorithm based on the orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm, but replacing the costly correlation operations over a dictionary with the element-wise normalization of the first singular vector of the residual The main advantage is that the design avoids any assumption on the antenna array geometry Additionally, numerical results show the superiority of the proposed method in terms of achievable spectral efficiency over other previous solutions
76 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...I. INTRODUCTION Millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems overcome future rising spectrum needs by enabling gigabit per second rates of communication for indoor and outdoor wireless systems [1]–[4]....
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TL;DR: This paper introduces the basics of ROF communication, including optical modulation, the optical channel, and the optical detection techniques, and surveys the family of advanced optical upconversion techniques that exploit the nonlinearity of the ROF link.
Abstract: A study of advanced upconversion techniques used in radio over fiber (ROF) is provided. With the huge increase in both the number of wireless communication subscribers and the bandwidth required per customer, migrating to higher frequencies, i.e., from lower radio frequency to millimeter-wave carriers, is an essential solution. However, due to the short propagation range of millimeter waves, a large number of radio access points are required for providing reliable coverage, which would increase the infrastructure costs. Hence, the transmission of RF signals between the central (or control) points and radio access points (or remote antenna units) using optical fibers is one of the major access network solutions that have been proposed for future high-bandwidth wireless communication systems. In this paper, we introduce the basics of ROF communication, including optical modulation, the optical channel, and the optical detection techniques. Then we survey the family of advanced optical upconversion techniques that exploit the nonlinearity of the ROF link. Specifically, we describe how optical upconversion can be achieved by exploiting the Mach–Zehnder modulator's nonlinearity, wavelength conversion techniques, or the photodetector's nonlinearity. The wavelength conversion techniques rely on the nonlinearities present in the fiber, in the optical amplifier, or in the electroabsorption modulator.
76 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...A comprehensive study of the millimeter-wave channel and beamforming has been presented in [40] and [41]....
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TL;DR: A novel spectrum management (SM) architecture for UAV-assisted cellular networks with special feature of mmWave is proposed and SM techniques for opportunistic utilization of low-altitude UAV swarm using multi-mode radio access technologies (RATs).
Abstract: In wireless communications, as the spatio-temporal distribution of the traffic is dynamic, the performance degradation of cellular networks becomes inevitable. Especially in catastrophic scenarios or hot-spot areas, terrestrial base stations may be poorly functioning and/or congested; thus, deploying ASCs that were carried by a UAV swarm is reasonable and cost-effective. Moreover, services such as disaster evaluation and live broadcasting require high-definition video streams, which undoubtedly need broad-band wireless transmission. To achieve this goal, the mmWave approach is introduced in the UAV swarm. However, wireless backhaul links, the mobility of UAVs and system coexistence hamper performance. In this article, we propose a novel spectrum management (SM) architecture for UAV-assisted cellular networks. Considering the special feature of mmWave, we also study SM techniques for opportunistic utilization of low-altitude UAV swarm using multi-mode radio access technologies (RATs). Both motivations and challenges of the proposed SM architecture for the UAV swarm are analyzed. To evaluate the performances of the proposed mmWave based wireless backhaul in UAV-assisted cellular networks, different SM schemes have been discussed and verified with numerical results in five typical scenarios.
76 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...They are license free or light-licensed almost worldwide, with high frequency reuse enabled [7]....
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TL;DR: A number of practical issues related to 5G-based IoT applications, particularly in Smart City environments, are discussed, including the need for small cells, the transmission issues at millimeter wave frequencies, building penetration issues, theneed for Distributed Antenna Systems, and the near term introduction of pre-5G IoT technologies such as NB-IoT and LTE-M.
Abstract: Both 5G cellular and IoT technologies are expected to see widespread deployment in the next few years. At the practical level, 5G will see initial deployments in urban areas. This is perhaps fortuitous from an IoT perspective, since many “mainstream” applications of IoT will support Smart Cities, Smart Campuses and Smart Buildings. Bandwidth demand for a number of Smart City applications is the main driver for enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)-based 5G services in general, and new-generation 5G IoT applications, in particular. In turn, the use of the millimeter wave spectrum is required to enable 5G cellular technologies to support high data rates. Millimeter wave solutions, however, impose a requirement for small cells. Generally, an implementer tries to use one or a small handful of IoT technologies; preferably, and for managerial simplicity, the implementer would want to use a cellular/5G IoT technology for all nodes, whether indoors or outdoors, instead of a heterogenous mix of various IoT technologies that have evolved over the years. This overview paper discusses a number of practical issues related to 5G-based IoT applications, particularly in Smart City environments, including the need for small cells, the transmission issues at millimeter wave frequencies, building penetration issues, the need for Distributed Antenna Systems, and the near term introduction of pre-5G IoT technologies such as NB-IoT and LTE-M, these being possible proxies for the commercial deployment and acceptance of 5G IoT.
76 citations
References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....
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...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....
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...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....
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TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.
Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems.
With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.
2,717 citations
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.
2,487 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper
...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....
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...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....
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...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....
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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.
Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.
1,813 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....
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...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....
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