Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
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TL;DR: An optical wireless communications system that uses light from an optical fibre access point to provide transparent and bi-directional optical links to nomadic terminals is described, and a 50 Gb/s link is demonstrated.
Abstract: In this paper, we describe an optical wireless communications system that uses light from an optical fibre access point to provide transparent and bi-directional optical links to nomadic terminals. Full localization and tracking is implemented, and a 50 Gb/s link is demonstrated. The link operates in an indoor environment, with a $ \pm 30^\circ $ field-of-view covering a distance of up to 3 m, and a localization accuracy of 0.05° (2.5 mm pointing accuracy at 3 m) is achieved. This demonstration shows that it is feasible to use an automated system to achieve the required alignment for an ultrahigh data rate fibre-wireless-fibre link.
74 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...well as optical wireless communications (OWC) are all being investigated as possible approaches [3]–[8]....
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TL;DR: This article designs a QoS-aware multimedia scheduling scheme to achieve the trade-off between performance and complexity, in which accurate propagation analysis is carried out and suitable countermeasure techniques are pointed out to satisfy the QoS requirements.
Abstract: The worldwide opening of a massive amount of unlicensed millimeter-wave spectrum has triggered great interest in developing high-bit-rate multimedia services and applications. Specific challenges for mmWave communication design include large-scale attenuation, atmospheric absorption, phase noise, limited gain amplifiers, and so on. This article aims to define and evaluate important metrics to characterize multimedia QoS and jointly takes these technical challenges into account in the framework of mmWave. To this end, we design a QoS-aware multimedia scheduling scheme to achieve the trade-off between performance and complexity, in which accurate propagation analysis is carried out and suitable countermeasure techniques are pointed out to satisfy the QoS requirements. Moreover, potential multimedia applications are analyzed and possible solutions provided. Illustrative results indicate that the proposed multimedia scheduling scheme can perform efficiently in a practical mmWave communication system.
74 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of indoor radio propagation measurements and corresponding channel statistics at 28, 73, and 140 GHz, based on extensive measurements from 2014-2020 in an indoor office environment, is provided.
Abstract: This letter provides a comparison of indoor radio propagation measurements and corresponding channel statistics at 28, 73, and 140 GHz, based on extensive measurements from 2014–2020 in an indoor office environment. Side-by-side comparisons of propagation characteristics (e.g., large-scale path loss and multipath time dispersion) across a wide range of frequencies from the low millimeter wave band of 28 GHz to the sub-THz band of 140 GHz illustrate the key similarities and differences in indoor wireless channels. The measurements and models show remarkably similar path loss exponents over frequencies in both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) scenarios, when using a one meter free space reference distance, while the multipath time dispersion becomes smaller at higher frequencies. The 3GPP indoor channel model overestimates the large-scale path loss and has unrealistic large numbers of clusters and multipath components per cluster compared to the measured channel statistics in this letter.
74 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a new theoretical model that accounts for a typical scenario where heavy vehicles (such as buses and lorries) in slow lanes obstruct Line-of-Sight (LOS) paths of vehicles in fast lanes and, hence, act as blockages.
Abstract: Connected and autonomous vehicles will play a pivotal role in future Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) and smart cities, in general High-speed and low-latency wireless communication links will allow municipalities to warn vehicles against safety hazards, as well as support cloud-driving solutions to drastically reduce traffic jams and air pollution To achieve these goals, vehicles need to be equipped with a wide range of sensors generating and exchanging high rate data streams Recently, millimeter wave (mmWave) techniques have been introduced as a means of fulfilling such high data rate requirements In this paper, we model a highway communication network and characterize its fundamental link budget metrics In particular, we specifically consider a network where vehicles are served by mmWave Base Stations (BSs) deployed alongside the road To evaluate our highway network, we develop a new theoretical model that accounts for a typical scenario where heavy vehicles (such as buses and lorries) in slow lanes obstruct Line-of-Sight (LOS) paths of vehicles in fast lanes and, hence, act as blockages Using tools from stochastic geometry, we derive approximations for the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) outage probability, as well as the probability that a user achieves a target communication rate (rate coverage probability) Our analysis provides new design insights for mmWave highway communication networks In considered highway scenarios, we show that reducing the horizontal beamwidth from $90^\circ$ to $30^\circ$ determines a minimal reduction in the SINR outage probability (namely, $4 \cdot 10^{-2}$ at maximum) Also, unlike bi-dimensional mmWave cellular networks, for small BS densities (namely, one BS every $500$ m) it is still possible to achieve an SINR outage probability smaller than $02$
74 citations
TL;DR: A channel measurement campaign is introduced, which utilizes direction-scan-sounding to capture the spatial characteristics of 28-GHz wave propagation channels with 500-MHz sounding bandwidth in office environments, and results show more multipath clusters with less spreads in delay and azimuth are found per channel compared with existing works on 28- GHz propagation.
Abstract: In this paper, a channel measurement campaign is introduced, which utilizes direction-scan-sounding to capture the spatial characteristics of 28-GHz wave propagation channels with 500-MHz sounding bandwidth in office environments. Both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight scenarios were considered. Measurements were performed by fixing a transmit pyramidal horn antenna, and rotating another one in the receiver site at 10° steps in azimuth. The antenna outputs are viewed as array signals, and a space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm is applied to estimate delay and angular parameters of multipath components. Benefiting from high resolution achieved by using the SAGE and deembedding of antenna radiation pattern and system responses, more multipath clusters with less spreads in delay and azimuth are found per channel compared with existing works on 28-GHz propagation. The statistics of channel parameters extracted here constitute a preliminary stochastic multipath-cluster spatial channel model.
73 citations
Cites background or methods from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."
...Different from previous channel investigation based on non-parametric approaches [6], [19], [26], [28], a SAGE algorithm is implemented to estimate MPCs’ parameters from channel impulse responses (CIRs) at the output of sliding-correlator [35]....
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...Recently, multiple channel measurement campaigns for more frequencies in HFB have been carried out, such as 10 –11 GHz [6], [17], [18], 28-38 GHz [19]–[25], 70-73 GHz [26]–[29], and 81-86 GHz [28]....
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References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Mm-wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beamforming [24]....
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...Small cells offload traffic from base stations by overlaying a layer of small cell access points, which actually decreases the average distance between transmitters and users, resulting in lower propagation losses and higher data rates and energy efficiency [24]....
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...Massive MIMO base stations allocate antenna arrays at existing macro base stations, which can accurately concentrate transmitted energy to the mobile users [24]....
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TL;DR: Very large MIMO as mentioned in this paper is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation.
Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems.
With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.
2,717 citations
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.
2,487 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper
...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....
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...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....
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...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....
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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC.
Abstract: For cellular radio engineers and technicians. The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineering, and Emerging Technologies Series.
1,813 citations
"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In order to achieve increased measurement dynamic range for increased coverage distance, we used a sliding correlator spread spectrum system [5]....
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...Current 2G, 3G, 4G, & LTE-A spectrum and bandwidth allocations [5]....
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