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Journal ArticleDOI

Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!

TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper discusses all of these topics, identifying key challenges for future research and preliminary 5G standardization activities, while providing a comprehensive overview of the current literature, and in particular of the papers appearing in this special issue.
Abstract: What will 5G be? What it will not be is an incremental advance on 4G. The previous four generations of cellular technology have each been a major paradigm shift that has broken backward compatibility. Indeed, 5G will need to be a paradigm shift that includes very high carrier frequencies with massive bandwidths, extreme base station and device densities, and unprecedented numbers of antennas. However, unlike the previous four generations, it will also be highly integrative: tying any new 5G air interface and spectrum together with LTE and WiFi to provide universal high-rate coverage and a seamless user experience. To support this, the core network will also have to reach unprecedented levels of flexibility and intelligence, spectrum regulation will need to be rethought and improved, and energy and cost efficiencies will become even more critical considerations. This paper discusses all of these topics, identifying key challenges for future research and preliminary 5G standardization activities, while providing a comprehensive overview of the current literature, and in particular of the papers appearing in this special issue.

7,139 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...This interference, so-called “pilot contamination,” does not vanish as the number of BS antennas grows large, and so is the one impairment that remains asymptotically....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.

3,711 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This survey makes an exhaustive review of wireless evolution toward 5G networks, including the new architectural changes associated with the radio access network (RAN) design, including air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud and heterogeneous RAN, and underlying novel mm-wave physical layer technologies.
Abstract: The vision of next generation 5G wireless communications lies in providing very high data rates (typically of Gbps order), extremely low latency, manifold increase in base station capacity, and significant improvement in users’ perceived quality of service (QoS), compared to current 4G LTE networks. Ever increasing proliferation of smart devices, introduction of new emerging multimedia applications, together with an exponential rise in wireless data (multimedia) demand and usage is already creating a significant burden on existing cellular networks. 5G wireless systems, with improved data rates, capacity, latency, and QoS are expected to be the panacea of most of the current cellular networks’ problems. In this survey, we make an exhaustive review of wireless evolution toward 5G networks. We first discuss the new architectural changes associated with the radio access network (RAN) design, including air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud and heterogeneous RAN. Subsequently, we make an in-depth survey of underlying novel mm-wave physical layer technologies, encompassing new channel model estimation, directional antenna design, beamforming algorithms, and massive MIMO technologies. Next, the details of MAC layer protocols and multiplexing schemes needed to efficiently support this new physical layer are discussed. We also look into the killer applications, considered as the major driving force behind 5G. In order to understand the improved user experience, we provide highlights of new QoS, QoE, and SON features associated with the 5G evolution. For alleviating the increased network energy consumption and operating expenditure, we make a detail review on energy awareness and cost efficiency. As understanding the current status of 5G implementation is important for its eventual commercialization, we also discuss relevant field trials, drive tests, and simulation experiments. Finally, we point out major existing research issues and identify possible future research directions.

2,624 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...Rappaport and his group [28] propose site specific node layout for 5G radio network design....

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  • ...The propagation and penetration of mm-wave signal in outdoor environment is quite limited [28]....

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  • ...rials present high penetration resistance to mm-waves [28]....

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  • ...over Non Line of Sight (NLOS) communication [28], [30]....

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  • ...Technical understanding of channel behaviour presents new architectural techniques, different multiple access and novel methods of air interface [28]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
05 Feb 2014
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.

2,452 citations


Cites background or methods from "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..."

  • ...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....

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  • ...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....

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  • ...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....

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  • ...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....

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  • ...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An adaptive algorithm to estimate the mmWave channel parameters that exploits the poor scattering nature of the channel is developed and a new hybrid analog/digital precoding algorithm is proposed that overcomes the hardware constraints on the analog-only beamforming, and approaches the performance of digital solutions.
Abstract: Millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular systems will enable gigabit-per-second data rates thanks to the large bandwidth available at mmWave frequencies. To realize sufficient link margin, mmWave systems will employ directional beamforming with large antenna arrays at both the transmitter and receiver. Due to the high cost and power consumption of gigasample mixed-signal devices, mmWave precoding will likely be divided among the analog and digital domains. The large number of antennas and the presence of analog beamforming requires the development of mmWave-specific channel estimation and precoding algorithms. This paper develops an adaptive algorithm to estimate the mmWave channel parameters that exploits the poor scattering nature of the channel. To enable the efficient operation of this algorithm, a novel hierarchical multi-resolution codebook is designed to construct training beamforming vectors with different beamwidths. For single-path channels, an upper bound on the estimation error probability using the proposed algorithm is derived, and some insights into the efficient allocation of the training power among the adaptive stages of the algorithm are obtained. The adaptive channel estimation algorithm is then extended to the multi-path case relying on the sparse nature of the channel. Using the estimated channel, this paper proposes a new hybrid analog/digital precoding algorithm that overcomes the hardware constraints on the analog-only beamforming, and approaches the performance of digital solutions. Simulation results show that the proposed low-complexity channel estimation algorithm achieves comparable precoding gains compared to exhaustive channel training algorithms. The results illustrate that the proposed channel estimation and precoding algorithms can approach the coverage probability achieved by perfect channel knowledge even in the presence of interference.

2,424 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...Index Terms—Millimeter wave cellular systems, sparse channel estimation, adaptive compressed sensing, hybrid precoding....

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References
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, a short-range 35 GHz radio link was used to measure rain specific attenuation with simultaneous measurement of rain rate distribution, and an empirical model derived from these measurements is suggested in order to observe and investigate the attenuation caused by rains in shortrange communications.
Abstract: The high potential of millimeter-wave communication systems has generated the need to carry out many studies in view of rain and other climatic effects on radio propagation at these frequencies. This paper reviews rain attenuation in millimeter wave ranges. In the present study, a short-range 35 GHz radio link was used to measure rain specific attenuation with simultaneous measurement of rain rate distribution. The rainfall statistics and attenuation caused by rains are discussed, and an empirical model derived from these measurements is suggested in order to observe and investigate the attenuation caused by rains in short-range communications. A millimeter wave propagation experiment at 103 GHZ on a propagation path of 390 m is conducted. The results were compared with the rain attenuation calculations from the Marshall-Palmer, Best, Joss-Thomas-Waldvogel and Weibull distributions for raindrop size. It has been shown that the Weibull distribution has a good agreement with the experiments. Finally the analysis and discussion for measurement results respectively.

160 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper

  • ...To understand the mm-wave propagation environment in urban areas, signal penetration and reflection properties of common building materials with typical smooth and rough surfaces are required for both indoor and outdoor cases [26]....

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  • ...Work by many researchers has confirmed that for small distances (less than 1 km), rain attenuation will present a minimal effect on the propagation of mm-waves at 28 GHz to 38 GHz for small cells [26]....

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  • ...Rain attenuation in dB/km across frequency at various rainfall rates [26]....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2011
TL;DR: This paper discusses system design aspects such as antenna array design, base station and mobile station requirements, and provides system performance and SINR geometry results to demonstrate the feasibility of an outdoor mmWave mobile broadband communication system.
Abstract: Almost all cellular mobile communications including first generation analog systems, second generation digital systems, third generation WCDMA, and fourth generation OFDMA systems use Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band of radio spectrum with frequencies in the range of 300MHz-3GHz. This band of spectrum is becoming increasingly crowded due to spectacular growth in mobile data and other related services. More recently, there have been proposals to explore mmWave spectrum (3-300GHz) for commercial mobile applications due to its unique advantages such as spectrum availability and small component sizes. In this paper, we discuss system design aspects such as antenna array design, base station and mobile station requirements. We also provide system performance and SINR geometry results to demonstrate the feasibility of an outdoor mmWave mobile broadband communication system. We note that with adaptive antenna array beamforming, multi-Gbps data rates can be supported for mobile cellular deployments.

133 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper

  • ...As a key technology in supporting high data rates in 4G systems, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) enables multi-stream transmission for high spectrum efficiency, improved link quality, and adaptation of radiation patterns for signal gain and interference mitigation via adaptive beamforming using antenna arrays [10]–[12]....

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  • ...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2012
TL;DR: These measurements demonstrate the viability of directional antennas and site-specific planning for future mm-wave cellular, and show that cell radii of ~200 M will provide a very high probability of coverage in an urban environment.
Abstract: Wireless systems require increasingly large system bandwidths that are only available at millimeter-wave frequencies. Such spectrum bands offer the potential for multi-gigabit-per-second data rates to low-cost massively broadband® devices. To enable mobile outdoor millimeter-wave cellular-type applications, it is necessary to determine the coverage potential of base stations in real-world environments. This paper presents the results of a measurement campaign of 38 GHz outdoor urban cellular channels using directional antennas at both the mobile and the base station, and assesses outage probabilities at two separate transmitter locations on the campus of The University of Texas at Austin. Our measurements demonstrate the viability of directional antennas and site-specific planning for future mm-wave cellular, and show that cell radii of ∼ 200 M will provide a very high probability of coverage in an urban environment. As production costs for millimeter-wave technologies continue to fall [1], we envision millimeter-wave cellular systems with dense base station deployments as a cost effective means of delivering multi-Gbps data rates to mobile cell phone and internet users.

113 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers background in this paper

  • ...AOA measurements were shown to be most common when the RX azimuth angle was between−20 and+20 about the boresight of the TX azimuth angle [34]....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
27 Feb 2009
TL;DR: The main objective of this paper is to propose a technical frame for industry in the future on the specification of future generations of wireless mobile communication networks.
Abstract: The future of mobile wireless communication networks will be experienced several generations as which have been experienced. This kind of development will drive the researches of information technology in industrial area. In this paper, we predict the future generations of mobile wireless communication networks including 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th generations. The main objective of this paper is to propose a technical frame for industry in the future. Thus, this paper is focused on the specification of future generations of wireless mobile communication networks.

100 citations


"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communicatio..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...To date, four generations of cellular communication systems have been adopted in the USA with each new mobile generation emerging every 10 years or so since around 1980: first generation analog FM cellular systems in 1981; second generation digital technology in 1992, 3G in 2001, and 4G LTE-A in 2011 [6]....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: The fundamentals and issues of networks, technologies, spectrum, standards, terminals, services, and about the visions that the network operators and service providers see for the evolution of 4G mobile systems are dealt with and where future research is necessary from their perspective.
Abstract: As access technology increases, voice, video, multimedia, and broadband data services are becoming integrated into the same network. Fourth Generation (4G) is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace third Generation (3G) networks sometimes in future. 4G is intended to provide high speed, high capacity, low cost per bit, IP based services.4G is all about an integrated, global network that's based on an open system approach. The goal of 4G is to replace the current proliferation of core cellular networks with a single worldwide cellular core network standard based on IP for control, video, packet data and VoIP. But while 3G haven't quite arrived, researchers want to contribute their ideas to the development of an as-yet undefined "wireless world" that could become operational by around 2010. This paper deals with the fundamentals and issues of networks, technologies, spectrum, standards, terminals, services of 4G and about the visions that the network operators and service providers see for the evolution of 4G mobile systems and where future research is necessary from their perspective.

97 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...4G wireless network), Sun Microsystems engineers were designing and implementing mobile IP-based protocols and tools to implement secure, versatile and responsive wireless communication technologies [15], [16]....

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