Mimicking celestial mechanics in metamaterials
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors link the newly emerged field of artificial optical materials to that of celestial mechanics, thus opening the way to investigate light phenomena reminiscent of orbital motion, strange attractors and chaos, in a controlled laboratory environment.
Abstract: Einstein’s general theory of relativity establishes equality between matter–energy density and the curvature of spacetime. As a result, light and matter follow natural paths in the inherent spacetime and may experience bending and trapping in a specific region of space. So far, the interaction of light and matter with curved spacetime has been predominantly studied theoretically and through astronomical observations. Here, we propose to link the newly emerged field of artificial optical materials to that of celestial mechanics, thus opening the way to investigate light phenomena reminiscent of orbital motion, strange attractors and chaos, in a controlled laboratory environment. The optical–mechanical analogy enables direct studies of critical light/matter behaviour around massive celestial bodies and, on the other hand, points towards the design of novel optical cavities and photon traps for application in microscopic devices and lasers systems. Black holes are difficult to study experimentally, owing to their distance from us and indeed their very nature. A theoretical study suggests that optical metamaterials that exhibit behaviour that is reminiscent of that of black holes, could enable us to learn more about these and other astrophysical objects.
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TL;DR: It is shown that metacrystals-superlattices of metamaterials with judiciously designed properties-provide a platform for designing topologically non-trivial photonic states, similar to those identified for condensed-matter topological insulators.
Abstract: Recent progress in understanding the topological properties of condensed matter has led to the discovery of time-reversal-invariant topological insulators. A remarkable and useful property of these materials is that they support unidirectional spin-polarized propagation at their surfaces. Unfortunately topological insulators are rare among solid-state materials. Using suitably designed electromagnetic media (metamaterials) we theoretically demonstrate a photonic analogue of a topological insulator. We show that metacrystals-superlattices of metamaterials with judiciously designed properties-provide a platform for designing topologically non-trivial photonic states, similar to those that have been identified for condensed-matter topological insulators. The interfaces of the metacrystals support helical edge states that exhibit spin-polarized one-way propagation of photons, robust against disorder. Our results demonstrate the possibility of attaining one-way photon transport without application of external magnetic fields or breaking of time-reversal symmetry. Such spin-polarized one-way transport enables exotic spin-cloaked photon sources that do not obscure each other.
1,509 citations
Cites methods from "Mimicking celestial mechanics in me..."
...Metamaterials with this property have recently attracted significant attention in the context of “transformation optics” [ 35, 36, 37], and were used to emulate various phenomena of celestial mechanics in optics [ 38, 39] and to design optical invisibility cloaks [ 36, 40]....
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TL;DR: The potential of transformation optics to create functionalities in which the optical properties can be designed almost at will is reviewed, which can be used to engineer various optical illusion effects, such as the invisibility cloak.
Abstract: Transformation optics describes the capability to design the path of light waves almost at will through the use of metamaterials that control effective materials properties on a subwavelength scale. In this review, the physics and applications of transformation optics are discussed.
1,085 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that a judicious choice of the metamaterial parameters can create photonic phases that support a pair of helical edge states, and these edge states enable one-way photonic transport that is robust against disorder.
Abstract: Recent progress in understanding the topological properties of condensed matter has led to the discovery of time-reversal invariant topological insulators. Because of limitations imposed by nature, topologically non-trivial electronic order seems to be uncommon except in small-band-gap semiconductors with strong spin-orbit interactions. In this Article we show that artificial electromagnetic structures, known as metamaterials, provide an attractive platform for designing photonic analogues of topological insulators. We demonstrate that a judicious choice of the metamaterial parameters can create photonic phases that support a pair of helical edge states, and that these edge states enable one-way photonic transport that is robust against disorder.
938 citations
TL;DR: A number of intriguing phenomena and applications associated with metamaterials are discussed, including negative refraction, sub-diffraction-limited imaging, strong optical activities in chiral metamMaterials, interaction of meta-atoms and transformation optics.
Abstract: Metamaterials, artificial composite structures with exotic material properties, have emerged as a new frontier of science involving physics, material science, engineering and chemistry. This critical review focuses on the fundamentals, recent progresses and future directions in the research of electromagnetic metamaterials. An introduction to metamaterials followed by a detailed elaboration on how to design unprecedented electromagnetic properties of metamaterials is presented. A number of intriguing phenomena and applications associated with metamaterials are discussed, including negative refraction, sub-diffraction-limited imaging, strong optical activities in chiral metamaterials, interaction of meta-atoms and transformation optics. Finally, we offer an outlook on future directions of metamaterials research including but not limited to three-dimensional optical metamaterials, nonlinear metamaterials and “quantum” perspectives of metamaterials (142 references).
840 citations
TL;DR: An optical topological transition in strongly anisotropic metamaterials is uncovered that results in a dramatic increase in the photon density of states—an effect that can be used to engineer this interaction.
Abstract: Light-matter interactions can be controlled by manipulating the photonic environment. We uncovered an optical topological transition in strongly anisotropic metamaterials that results in a dramatic increase in the photon density of states-an effect that can be used to engineer this interaction. We describe a transition in the topology of the iso-frequency surface from a closed ellipsoid to an open hyperboloid by use of artificially nanostructured metamaterials. We show that this topological transition manifests itself in increased rates of spontaneous emission of emitters positioned near the metamaterial. Altering the topology of the iso-frequency surface by using metamaterials provides a fundamentally new route to manipulating light-matter interactions.
760 citations
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TL;DR: The authors' simulations show that a version of the lens operating at the frequency of visible light can be realized in the form of a thin slab of silver, which resolves objects only a few nanometers across.
Abstract: Optical lenses have for centuries been one of scientists’ prime tools. Their operation is well understood on the basis of classical optics: curved surfaces focus light by virtue of the refractive index contrast. Equally their limitations are dictated by wave optics: no lens can focus light onto an area smaller than a square wavelength. What is there new to say other than to polish the lens more perfectly and to invent slightly better dielectrics? In this Letter I want to challenge the traditional limitation on lens performance and propose a class of “superlenses,” and to suggest a practical scheme for implementing such a lens. Let us look more closely at the reasons for limitation in performance. Consider an infinitesimal dipole of frequency v in front of a lens. The electric component of the field will be given by some 2D Fourier expansion,
10,974 citations
TL;DR: These experiments directly confirm the predictions of Maxwell's equations that n is given by the negative square root ofɛ·μ for the frequencies where both the permittivity and the permeability are negative.
Abstract: We present experimental scattering data at microwave frequencies on a structured metamaterial that exhibits a frequency band where the effective index of refraction (n) is negative. The material consists of a two-dimensional array of repeated unit cells of copper strips and split ring resonators on interlocking strips of standard circuit board material. By measuring the scattering angle of the transmitted beam through a prism fabricated from this material, we determine the effective n, appropriate to Snell's law. These experiments directly confirm the predictions of Maxwell's equations that n is given by the negative square root of epsilon.mu for the frequencies where both the permittivity (epsilon) and the permeability (mu) are negative. Configurations of geometrical optical designs are now possible that could not be realized by positive index materials.
8,477 citations
TL;DR: This work shows how electromagnetic fields can be redirected at will and proposes a design strategy that has relevance to exotic lens design and to the cloaking of objects from electromagnetic fields.
Abstract: Using the freedom of design that metamaterials provide, we show how electromagnetic fields can be redirected at will and propose a design strategy. The conserved fields-electric displacement field D, magnetic induction field B, and Poynting vector B-are all displaced in a consistent manner. A simple illustration is given of the cloaking of a proscribed volume of space to exclude completely all electromagnetic fields. Our work has relevance to exotic lens design and to the cloaking of objects from electromagnetic fields.
7,811 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Berechnung der dielektrizitatatkonstanten and der Leitfahigkeiten fur Elektriatitat and Warme der Mischkorper aus isotropen Bestandteilen behandelt.
Abstract: Es werden verschiedene physikalische Konstanten heterogener Korper aus den Konstanten ihrer homogenen Bestandteile nach einer einheitlichen Methode berechnet. In dieser ersten Arbeit wird die Berechnung der Dielektrizitatskonstanten und der Leitfahigkeiten fur Elektrizitat und Warme der Mischkorper aus isotropen Bestandteilen behandelt. Die Genauigkeit der alteren Formeln wird untersucht und die bis jetzt unbekannten Konstanten dieser Formeln werden berechnet. Sodann wird die Theorie gepruft an Messungen der Leitfahigkeit bei heterogenen Metallegierungen und an den DK. von gepresten Pulvern und Emulsionen; die verschiedenen Formeln werden bestatigt. Bei dieser Anwendung werden einige Widerspruche zwischen fruheren Untersuchungen aufgehoben und es wird versucht, einige ungenau bekannte DK. genauer zu bestimmen.
7,155 citations
27 Jul 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the soft file of a book collection of black holes white dwarfs and neutron stars can be downloaded and the book can be found on-line in this site.
Abstract: Only for you today! Discover your favourite black holes white dwarfs and neutron stars book right here by downloading and getting the soft file of the book. This is not your time to traditionally go to the book stores to buy a book. Here, varieties of book collections are available to download. One of them is this black holes white dwarfs and neutron stars as your preferred book. Getting this book b on-line in this site can be realized now by visiting the link page to download. It will be easy. Why should be here?
4,305 citations