MIMO Schemes in UTRA LTE, A Comparison
11 May 2008-pp 2228-2232
TL;DR: The authors will discuss the deployment of spatial multiplexing in the UTRA LTE downlink and will show that the performance of successive interference cancellation (SIC) based data detection techniques for MIMO-OFDM is beneficial.
Abstract: The long term evolution of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Terrestrial Radio Access, abbreviated as UTRA LTE, will be based on OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing). Furthermore, MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) techniques have been considered as a means for the improvement of wireless connectivity. In wireless systems, high data rates in the downlink are desirable: Furthermore, with respect to an efficient implementation, the downlink requires a thorough assessment. In particular, the Alamouti and the V-BLAST (Vertical Bell Labs Layered Space Time) schemes are seen as interesting concepts. In this communication, the authors will compare these two MIMO schemes w.r.t. the achievable performance in the UTRA LTE downlink using up to two transmit and two receive antennas. Furthermore, the authors will discuss the deployment of spatial multiplexing in the UTRA LTE downlink and will show that the performance of successive interference cancellation (SIC) based data detection techniques for MIMO-OFDM is beneficial.
Citations
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that LTE performance does not fulfil the technical requirements established by ITU-R to classify one radio access technology as a member of the IMT-Advanced family of standards.
Abstract: Long-TermEvolution (LTE) is the new standard recently specified by the 3GPP on the way towards fourth-generation mobile. This paper presents the main technical features of this standard as well as its performance in terms of peak bit rate and average cell throughput, among others. LTE entails a big technological improvement as compared with the previous 3G standard. However, this paper also demonstrates that LTE performance does not fulfil the technical requirements established by ITU-R to classify one radio access technology as a member of the IMT-Advanced family of standards. Thus, this paper describes the procedure followed by the 3GPP to address these challenging requirements. Through the design and optimization of new radio access techniques and a further evolution of the system, the 3GPP is laying down the foundations of the future LTE-Advanced standard, the 3GPP candidate for 4G. This paper offers a brief insight into these technological trends.
169 citations
Cites background from "MIMO Schemes in UTRA LTE, A Compari..."
...Hindawi Publishing Corporation EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking Volume 2009, Article ID 354089, 10 pages doi:10.1155/2009/354089...
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TL;DR: Editorial introductoria del numero de la revista, en la qual s'exposa el tema del nou estandard de mobil, anomenat/nLong-TermEvolution (LTE),/ntambe referenciat com Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access/n(E-UTRA), that s'esta definint com el substitut del sistema UMTS/nde tercera generacio.
Abstract: Editorial introductoria del numero de la revista, en la qual s'exposa el tema del nou estandard de mobil, anomenat/nLong-TermEvolution (LTE),/ntambe referenciat com Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access/n(E-UTRA), que s'esta definint com el substitut del sistema UMTS/nde tercera generacio. LTE-Advanced, al seu torn, es refereix a la versio mes avancada de LTE.
51 citations
TL;DR: A low-complexity, high-throughput, and configurable multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) signal detector design solution targeting the emerging Long-Term-Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) downlink and an orthogonal-real-value-decomposition aided candidate-sharing technology to improve implementation efficiency.
Abstract: This paper presents a low-complexity, high-throughput, and configurable multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) signal detector design solution targeting the emerging Long-Term-Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) downlink. The detector supports signal detection of multiple MIMO modes, which are spatial-multiplexing (SM), spatial-diversity (SD), and space-division-multiple-access (SDMA). Area-efficiency is achieved by algorithm and architecture co-design where low-complexity, near-maximum-likelihood (ML) detection algorithms are proposed for these three MIMO modes respectively while keeping in mind that the operations can be reused among different modes. A parallel multistage VLSI architecture is accordingly developed that achieves high detection throughput and run-time reconfigurability. To further improve the implementation efficiency, the detector also adopts an orthogonal-real-value-decomposition (ORVD) aided candidate-sharing technology for low-cost partial Euclidean distance calculation and a distributed interference cancelation scheme for a critical path delay reduction. The proposed multi-mode MIMO detector has been designed using a 65-nm CMOS technology with a core area of 0.25 mm2 (the equivalent gate-count is 88.2 K), representing a 22% less hardware-resource use than the state of art in the open literature. Operating at 1.2-V supply with 165-MHz clock, the detector achieves a 1.98 Gb/s throughput when configured to the 4 × 4 64-QAM spatial-multiplexing mode. The corresponding normalized energy consumption is 51.8 pJ per bit detection.
50 citations
Cites methods from "MIMO Schemes in UTRA LTE, A Compari..."
...Three main MIMO technologies, namely spatial-multiplexing (SM) [4], spatial-diversity (SD) [5], and space-division-multiple-access (SDMA, also known as multi-user MIMO) [6], [7], are applied or being seriously considered in LTE-A downlink to increase the average user spectrum efficiency, the transmission reliability, and the cell spectrum efficiency, respectively....
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Dissertation•
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: This thesis focuses on the architectural development of the cell array tailored specifically for digital baseband processing of contemporary wireless communication systems, and proposes a coarse-grained dynamically reconfigurable cell array architecture that outperforms related programmable platforms in energy efficiency and flexibility.
Abstract: Motivated by challenges from today's fast-evolving wireless communication standards and soaring silicon design cost, it is important to design a flexible hardware platform that can be dynamically reconfigured to adapt to current operating scenarios, provide seamless handover between different communication networks, and extend the longevity of advanced systems. Moreover, increasingly sophisticated baseband processing algorithms pose stringent requirements of real-time processing for hardware implementations, especially for power-budget limited mobile terminals. With existing hardware platforms such as Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), and Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), the contradictory design requirements of flexibility, computational performance, and hardware efficiency cannot be attained at the same time. To achieve a balance between the aforementioned design requirements, a coarse-grained dynamically reconfigurable cell array architecture is proposed. The architecture is constructed from an array of heterogeneous function units interconnected through a hierarchical on-chip network. The adopted in-cell configuration scheme enables fast context switching between standards and between computational tasks during run-time. Although cell array is a generic hardware platform, this thesis focuses on the architectural development of the cell array tailored specifically for digital baseband processing of contemporary wireless communication systems. Various degrees of flexibilities among operating scenarios, algorithms, tasks, and supporting standards are exploited. Besides, high hardware efficiency is attained by conducting algorithm-architecture, hardware-software, and processing-memory co-design. In this thesis, flexibility, performance and efficiency of the proposed architecture are demonstrated through two case studies. First, the cell array is deployed in a digital front-end receiver, aiming to support concurrent processing of multiple radio standards, 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), IEEE 802.11n, and Digital Video Broadcasting for Handheld (DVB-H). Dynamic configuration of the cell array enables run-time switching between different operation modes, multi-standard single-stream and multi-standard multi-stream, in order to maximize hardware usage for attaining high computational performance while sufficing current processing demands. Implementation results show that the immense flexibility offered by the cell array comes at the cost of only about 16% area overhead in comparison to its ASIC counterpart. In the second study, the cell array architecture is extended with extensive vector computing capabilities, aiming to perform high-throughput MIMO signal processing. As an illustration, three computationally intensive blocks, namely channel estimation, pre-processing, and symbol detection, of a 4x4 MIMO processing chain in a 20 MHz 64-QAM 3GPP LTE-Advanced downlink are mapped and processed in real-time. With 6 processing and 10 memory cells deployed in the array, the achieved system throughput is 368 Mb/s at 500 MHz and the corresponding energy consumption for processing one information bit is 1.49 nJ/b. Compared to state-of-the-art implementations, the proposed solution outperforms related programmable platforms by up to 6 orders of magnitude in energy efficiency, and is 1.7-13.6 and 1.4-15 times less efficient than ASICs in terms of area and energy, respectively, when performing each individual task. (Less)
17 citations
Dissertation•
01 Feb 2009
TL;DR: A software tool to simulate the LTE Downlink based on OFDM technology with MIMO antenna processing is presented in this master thesis and serves to evaluate the OFDM-MIMO LTE Link Level performance in different environments and create link level look-up tables to be used as an input for a future LTE system level simulator.
Abstract: 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the evolution of the UMTS which will make possible to deliver next generation high quality multimedia services according to the users' expectations. Since the LTE performance evaluation needs link and system level simulations, a software tool to simulate the LTE Downlink based on OFDM technology with MIMO antenna processing is presented in this master thesis. This simulator contains the MIMO algorithms, the spatial channel models and modulation and coding schemes for LTE. The result of this simulator serves to evaluate the OFDM-MIMO LTE Link Level performance in different environments and create link level look-up tables to be used as an input for a future LTE system level simulator.
15 citations
References
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TL;DR: The Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing: Estimation Theory as mentioned in this paper is a seminal work in the field of statistical signal processing, and it has been used extensively in many applications.
Abstract: (1995). Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing: Estimation Theory. Technometrics: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 465-466.
14,342 citations
"MIMO Schemes in UTRA LTE, A Compari..." refers background in this paper
...In the case of MMSE receivers, the orthogonality principle is fulfilled which guarantees that the estimation error and the estimates are orthogonal in average [6]....
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AT&T1
TL;DR: This paper presents a simple two-branch transmit diversity scheme that provides the same diversity order as maximal-ratio receiver combining (MRRC) with one transmit antenna, and two receive antennas.
Abstract: This paper presents a simple two-branch transmit diversity scheme. Using two transmit antennas and one receive antenna the scheme provides the same diversity order as maximal-ratio receiver combining (MRRC) with one transmit antenna, and two receive antennas. It is also shown that the scheme may easily be generalized to two transmit antennas and M receive antennas to provide a diversity order of 2M. The new scheme does not require any bandwidth expansion or any feedback from the receiver to the transmitter and its computation complexity is similar to MRRC.
13,706 citations
29 Sep 1998
TL;DR: This paper describes a wireless communication architecture known as vertical BLAST (Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time) or V-BLAST, which has been implemented in real-time in the laboratory and demonstrated spectral efficiencies of 20-40 bps/Hz in an indoor propagation environment at realistic SNRs and error rates.
Abstract: Information theory research has shown that the rich-scattering wireless channel is capable of enormous theoretical capacities if the multipath is properly exploited In this paper, we describe a wireless communication architecture known as vertical BLAST (Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time) or V-BLAST, which has been implemented in real-time in the laboratory Using our laboratory prototype, we have demonstrated spectral efficiencies of 20-40 bps/Hz in an indoor propagation environment at realistic SNRs and error rates To the best of our knowledge, wireless spectral efficiencies of this magnitude are unprecedented and are furthermore unattainable using traditional techniques
3,925 citations
"MIMO Schemes in UTRA LTE, A Compari..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The V-BLAST scheme [4] is a viable detection approach for SM....
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...The sought cardinal number of the next data symbols is simply the row number of this matrix with the smallest L2 vector norm [4]....
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...the Alamouti scheme [3], V-BLAST (Vertical Bell Labs Layered Space Time) [4], a SIC version of ZF equalization, and the corresponding SIC-MMSE receiver are considered an interesting concept for this purpose....
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...However, as stated in [4] the order of detection is critical....
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...Besides transmit diversity, i.e. the Alamouti scheme [3], V-BLAST (Vertical Bell Labs Layered Space Time) [4], a SIC version of ZF equalization, and the corresponding SIC-MMSE receiver are considered an interesting concept for this purpose....
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01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: This paper presents a simple two-branch transmit diversity scheme that provides the same diversity order as maximal-ratio receiver combining (MRRC) with one transmit antenna, and two receive antennas.
Abstract: This paper presents a simple two-branch transmit diversity scheme. Using two transmit antennas and one receive antenna the scheme provides the same diversity order as maximal-ratio receiver combining (MRRC) with one transmit antenna, and two receive antennas. It is also shown that the scheme may easily be generalized to two transmit antennas and receive antennas to provide a diversity order of 2. The new scheme does not require any bandwidth expansion any feedback from the receiver to the transmitter and its computation complexity is similar to MRRC.
126 citations
"MIMO Schemes in UTRA LTE, A Compari..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In what follows, a system concept for the SM and a system model for the Alamouti approach will be presented....
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...In order to describe the OFDM version of the Alamouti scheme we must consider the transmission at two consecutive OFDM symbol periods, OFDM symbol period ν and OFDM symbol period ( )1ν + ....
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...3 show simulation results for the BER as a function of the overall signal to noise ratio ( )10 b 010log E N for the V-BLAST and the SIC-MMSE detectors as well as for Alamouti TX diversity with dual RX antenna diversity....
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...To have a fair comparison, QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) V-BLAST and QPSK SIC-MMSE will be compared to 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) Alamouti and 16-QAM V-BLAST as well as 16-QAM SICMMSE will be compared to 256-QAM Alamouti, respectively, as the V-BLAST and SIC-MMSE schemes have twice the symbol rate for 2 2× MIMO....
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...A simple way of realizing such a system is by using the Space-Time Block Code (STBC) discovered by Alamouti [3]....
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