Dataset•
Mineral Commodity Summaries
01 Jan 2018-
TL;DR: The following topics are currently covered by the mineral commodity summaries domestic production and uses u s salient statistics recycling import sources tariff depletion allowance government stockpile events trends and issues world production reserves and reserve base world resources and substitutes.
Abstract: the following topics are currently covered by the mineral commodity summaries domestic production and uses u s salient statistics recycling import sources tariff depletion allowance government stockpile events trends and issues world production reserves and reserve base world resources and substitutes
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TL;DR: The development of reliable anthropogenic emission inventories is essential for both understanding the sources of air pollution and designing effective air-pollution control measures in China as mentioned in this paper, but it is challenging to quantify emissions in China accurately, given the variety of contributing sources, the complexity of the technology mix and the lack of reliable measurements.
Abstract: The development of reliable anthropogenic emission inventories is essential for both understanding the sources of air pollution and designing effective air-pollution-control measures in China. However, it is challenging to quantify emissions in China accurately, given the variety of contributing sources, the complexity of the technology mix and the lack of reliable measurements. Over the last two decades, tremendous efforts have been made to improve the accuracy of emission inventories, and significant improvements have been realized. More reliable statistics and survey-based data have been used to reduce the uncertainties in activity rates and technology distributions. Local emission factors and source profiles covering various sources have been measured and reported. Based on these local databases, improved emission inventory models have been developed for power plants, large industrial plants and the residential, transportation and agricultural sectors. In this paper, we review the progress that has been made in developing inventories of anthropogenic emissions in China. We first highlight the major updates that have been made to emission inventory models and the underlying data by source category. We then summarize the sector-based estimates of emissions of different species contained in current inventories. The progress that has been made in the development of model-ready emissions is also presented. Finally, we suggest future directions for further improving the accuracy of emission inventories in China.
497 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the benefits, challenges, and prospects of biomass-based chemical looping technologies in various configurations have been discussed in-depth to provide important insight into the development of innovative BECCS technologies based on chemical loops.
Abstract: Biomass is a promising renewable energy resource despite its low energy density, high moisture content and complex ash components The use of biomass in energy production is considered to be approximately carbon neutral, and if it is combined with carbon capture technology, the overall energy conversion may even be negative in terms of net CO2 emission, which is known as BECCS (bioenergy with carbon capture and storage) The initial development of BECCS technologies often proposes the installation of a CO2 capture unit downstream of the conventional thermochemical conversion processes, which comprise combustion, pyrolysis or gasification Although these approaches would benefit from the adaptation of already well developed energy conversion processes and CO2 capture technologies, they are limited in terms of materials and energy integration as well as systems engineering, which could lead to truly disruptive technologies for BECCS Recently, a new generation of transformative energy conversion technologies including chemical looping have been developed In particular, chemical looping employs solid looping materials and it uniquely allows inherent capture of CO2 during the conversion of fuels In this review, the benefits, challenges, and prospects of biomass-based chemical looping technologies in various configurations have been discussed in-depth to provide important insight into the development of innovative BECCS technologies based on chemical looping
356 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate the use of indirect-bandgap semiconductor nanostructures such as highly emissive silicon quantum dots, which can suppress reabsorption and scattering losses.
Abstract: Building-integrated photovoltaics is gaining consensus as a renewable energy technology for producing electricity at the point of use. Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) could extend architectural integration to the urban environment by realizing electrode-less photovoltaic windows. Crucial for large-area LSCs is the suppression of reabsorption losses, which requires emitters with negligible overlap between their absorption and emission spectra. Here, we demonstrate the use of indirect-bandgap semiconductor nanostructures such as highly emissive silicon quantum dots. Silicon is non-toxic, low-cost and ultra-earth-abundant, which avoids the limitations to the industrial scaling of quantum dots composed of low-abundance elements. Suppressed reabsorption and scattering losses lead to nearly ideal LSCs with an optical efficiency of η = 2.85%, matching state-of-the-art semi-transparent LSCs. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that optimized silicon quantum dot LSCs have a clear path to η > 5% for 1 m2 devices. We are finally able to realize flexible LSCs with performances comparable to those of flat concentrators, which opens the way to a new design freedom for building-integrated photovoltaics elements. Reabsorption losses in luminescent solar concentrators can be avoided by the use of indirect-bandgap semiconductor nanostructures. The technology has been used to demonstrate flexible luminescent solar concentrators with performance comparable to flat concentrators.
304 citations
TL;DR: Raising awareness through the mobility, fate and transport of Sb as well as further transdisciplinary research on Sb from global scientific communities will be a crucial stage to establish a sustainable Sb mitigation on a global scale.
303 citations
TL;DR: The present review elucidates the role of CFA as an emerging input in delivering eco-friendly amenities and future derivatives and focuses on impending applications such as synthesis of geopolymers, silica aerogels, carbon nanotubes for electronic devices, and the separation of radioactive isotopes as well as rare earth elements from CFA.
277 citations