“Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician
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...These factors loaded on measures of memory and learning (word list recall, word list learning trials 1–3 and word recognition-yes), language (verbal fluency, categorical naming), praxis (constructional line drawing, word recognition-no), executive function (MMSE subscales attention/concentration and recall) and registration/orientation (MMSE subscales orientation, registration and language)....
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...Exclusion criteria included meeting the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke–Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders A s s o c i a t i o n (NINCDS–ADRDA) criteria for dementia [15], a score below 28 on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) [16] or above the age-appropriate limit on the Short Blessed Test (SBT) [17], the presence of two or more abnormal neurological signs indicated by the CERAD neurological examination [18], past or current history of stroke, hypertension, major vascular disorder, heart disease, head injury, e p i l e p s y, diabetes, thyroid disease, major depressive or anxiety disorder or any other psychiatric illness....
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...The SBT [ 1 7 ] , a cognitive screening test not unlike the MMSE, on which higher scores indicate more errors and a greater likelihood of cognitive decline, was also administered....
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...On factors 2 and 5, both of which consisted wholly of MMSE subscales, no Beta values reached significance (see Table 3)....
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...Group means and (SD) for education, age and gender categories on Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease measures, the Nelson Adult Reading Test and the Short Blessed Test ≥ 12years education < 12years education 50–69 years 70 + years 50–69 years 70 + years Male Female Male Female Measure n = 34 n = 77 n = 10 n = 15 n= 77 n= 31 MMSE 28.9(1.2) 28.8(1.2) 27.7(1.3) 28.1(2.0) 28.4(1.2) 27.9(1.8) Fluency 20.9(5.9) 23.1(5.6) 20.8(5.4) 19.5(4.9) 19.0(4.2) 18.4(5.7) Naming 14.5(0.7) 14.6(0.6) 14.7(0.5) 14.1(1.2) 14.3(0.9) 14.0(1.1) Praxis 9.7(1.3) 9.90(1.0) 9.3(2.2) 9.2(1.3) 9.6(1.1) 8.9(1.7) Word learn 1 5.6(1.3) 6.7(1.4) 4.3(1.3) 6.3(1.3) 6.2(1.4) 5.7(1.5) Word learn 2 7.2(1.4) 8.1(1.4) 5.0(1.6) 7.9(1.5) 7.5(1.4) 7.0(1.3) Word learn 3 7.7(1.3) 9.1(1.1) 5.4(1.6) 7.9(2.0) 8.2(1.3) 7.2(1.7) Delay recall 6.9(1.6) 8.2(1.4) 4.9(1.9) 6.9(2.5) 7.1(1.6) 5.9(2.3) Savings 89.9(17.0) 90.3(11.4) 94.0(36.9) 85.3(29.8) 86.1(16.4) 82.6(33.5) Rec-yes 9.8(0.5) 9.8(0.4) 9.2(0.9) 9.7(0.5) 9.8(0.5) 9.1(2.1) Rec-no 9.8(0.5) 9.9(0.1) 9.8(0.4) 10.0(0.0) 9.9(0.5) 9.6(0.7) FSIQ 120.6(4.6) 122.4(3.67 122.0(4.3) 121.5(4.3) 126.9(5.8) 119.2(4.7) SBT 2.1(2.8) 1.3(2.2) 2.4(2.8) 1.7(2.6) 2.4(2.6) 3.2(3.8) MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; fluency, categorical verbal fluency; Naming, modified Boston naming; Praxis, constructional praxis line drawing; Word learn 1–3, word list learning trials 1–3; Delay recall, delayed recall of word lists; Savings, delay recall/word learn 3 x 100; Rec-yes/no, word list recognition yes and no; FSIQ, Nelson Adult Reading Test fullscale intelligence; SBT, Short Blessed Test....
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96 citations
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