Mini review on nanoimmobilization of lipase and cellulase for biofuel production
17 Feb 2020-Vol. 11, Iss: 2, pp 191-200
TL;DR: Current trends leading to various effects on immobilization of enzymes with nanomaterial are concentrated on, mainly on enzymes used in hydrolysis of lignocellulosic agro-waste to produce bioalcohols by a fermentation process and enzyme used in transesterification reactions for biodiesel production.
Abstract: Nanomaterials have been used in various applications such as sensors, biofuel cells and biodiesel production. Various nanomaterials provide a high surface area-to-volume ratio and can be fabricated with enzymes as sensors for assay and in electrodes for electricity generation in biofuel cells. The methods of nanomaterial synthesis, analytical techniques for loading of enzymes, and fabrication of enzymes with nanomaterial along with the effect of enzyme immobilization on its activity have been discussed. In this mini-review article we concentrate on the current trends leading to various effects on immobilization of enzymes with nanomaterial. We focus mainly on enzymes used in hydrolysis of lignocellulosic agro-waste to produce bioalcohols by a fermentation process and enzymes used in transesterification reactions for biodiesel production. The current status of nanomaterial as an integral part of sustainable enzymatic biofuel production is discussed.
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TL;DR: Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an extracellular polymer produced by Komagateibacter xylinus, which has been shown to possess a multitude of properties, which makes it innately useful as a next-generation biopolymer as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an extracellular polymer produced by Komagateibacter xylinus, which has been shown to possess a multitude of properties, which makes it innately useful as a next-generation biopolymer. The structure of BC is comprised of glucose monomer units polymerised by cellulose synthase in β-1-4 glucan chains which form uniaxially orientated BC fibril bundles which measure 3–8 nm in diameter. BC is chemically identical to vegetal cellulose. However, when BC is compared with other natural or synthetic analogues, it shows a much higher performance in biomedical applications, potable treatment, nano-filters and functional applications. The main reason for this superiority is due to the high level of chemical purity, nano-fibrillar matrix and crystallinity. Upon using BC as a carrier or scaffold with other materials, unique and novel characteristics can be observed, which are all relatable to the features of BC. These properties, which include high tensile strength, high water holding capabilities and microfibrillar matrices, coupled with the overall physicochemical assets of bacterial cellulose makes it an ideal candidate for further scientific research into biopolymer development. This review thoroughly explores several areas in which BC is being investigated, ranging from biomedical applications to electronic applications, with a focus on the use as a next-generation wound dressing. The purpose of this review is to consolidate and discuss the most recent advancements in the applications of bacterial cellulose, primarily in biomedicine, but also in biotechnology.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared methods for all steps in the process of producing biodiesel from municipal wastewater sludge, including sludge pretreatment and lipid extraction methods, catalyst selection, and byproduct generation, and its economics analysis.
Abstract: Treatments for and methods of disposing of municipal sewage sludge have a limited ability to produce high-value products. The number of studies on using sludge for energy recovery—including those that use sludge lipids to produce biodiesel—has increased considerably. This study reviews and compares methods for all steps in the process of producing biodiesel from municipal wastewater sludge, including sludge pretreatment and lipid extraction methods, catalyst selection, and byproduct generation, and its economics analysis. Sludge drying by heat maybe the most efficient method but cost a lot, and drying by vacuum and chemicals are expected for future advancement. In the lipid extraction, organic solvents are costly and unfavorable to the environment. Therefore, alternative extractant that are more efficient, and environmentally friendly are of potential use but still need price reduction. In terms of catalysts, H2SO4 is an efficient and cheap catalyst in practical use but consumes a lot in operation. Solid acid catalysts are promising alternatives because of cost saving and environmental benign. Some new catalysts such as ionic liquid and enzymes are just promising in the much further future. The byproducts of different biodiesel production processes have been classified and been made downstream and environmental risk analysis. The optimization and greenness of catalysts and byproducts promote the commercialization of sewage sludge for biodiesel production. In addition, biodiesel refining by membrane technique is promising.
59 citations
TL;DR: The recent developments for carrier materials and techniques for lipase immobilization as well as the current status of immobilized lipases mixtures and their application for biodiesel synthesis are discussed.
Abstract: Lipases are considered the most widely used industrial biocatalysts, and play a significant role in diverse industrial and biotechnological applications such as in biodiesel. Biodiesel is a renewable and ecologically friendly biofuel, and has received significantly increased attention in recent years. The reaction media of biodiesel synthesis via the transesterification process of fats and oils could be considered cascade reactions. The use of a mixture of immobilized lipases as biocatalysts in biodiesel reactions has received much consideration since it is a ‘greener technique’ and has several advantages over free lipases. The selection of appropriate carrier materials and immobilization techniques fundamentally affects the immobilized lipases’ catalytic performance for biodiesel production. Hence, this review discusses the recent developments for carrier materials and techniques for lipase immobilization as well as the current status of immobilized lipases mixtures and their application for biodiesel synthesis. The initial part of this review presents a brief introduction of lipases and their application for biodiesel preparation. New carrier materials and different basic and recent lipase immobilization techniques are also evaluated. Most significantly, studies carried out on mixtures of immobilized lipase‐catalyzed biodiesel for the last 15 years (2006–2021) are summarized. The economic and environmental evaluation of enzymatic biodiesel production is also presented. In the future, the application of mixed and co‐immobilized lipases may be enlarged to other enzymes and processes. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors reported the immobilization of Candida Rugosa lipase (CRL) onto nanocellulose (NC) extracted from almond shells using p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) and sulfuric acid (ASS) with sugar-based natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES1a) as a biocatalyst system.
Abstract: This study reports the immobilization of Candida Rugosa lipase (CRL) onto nanocellulose (NC) extracted from almond shells using p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) and sulfuric acid (ASS) with sugar-based natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES1a) as a biocatalyst system. The properties of both immobilized lipases were studied and compared to the free enzyme counterpart. Under optimized conditions (2 h, 40 ºC and pH 7.0), the immobilized CRL-PTSA-NADES1a and CRL-ASS-NADES1a gave a maximum specific activity of 4.9 U mg−1 and 6.57 U mg−1, respectively, compared to the free CRL (4.52 U mg−1). Both immobilized CRL showed better thermal stability, high catalytic activity and reusability up to 7 consecutive cycles. The half- life of the immobilized lipase was 14 ∼ 16 days greater than free lipase (27 days). The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of NC-ASS (20.76 m2 g−1) is higher compared to NC-PTSA (4.81 m2 g−1). The functional groups and morphology of the free and immobilized CRL were further determined by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These findings revealed that the immobilized CRL onto NCs and NADES1a as green materials and solvent, respectively had higher lipase immobilization efficiency and stability for the treatment of food contaminants in oils in order to satisfy increasing commercial demands in the oil industry.
7 citations
01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: The use of nanoparticles in the prospective and development of bioalcohols (bioethanol/biobutanol) production is discussed in this paper, where the use of nanocatalysts and nanomaterials have been used.
Abstract: Bioalcohols are considered as an alternative renewable and eco-friendly fuel for future generation around the world. Recently, many investigators have focused their research on fuel preparation techniques, with various benefits such as lower level of smoke, better performance and emission characteristics, economical production, and lower sequestration cost. Sustainable production of such biofuels can be enhanced when they are synthesized by a nanotechnology-based approach. Biofuels and bioalcohols are synthesized using carbohydrates, vegetable oils, and animal fats with the help of fermentation and transesterification processes commercially at an industrial level. To increase the biofuels and bioalcohols production rates, many nanocatalysts and nanomaterials have been used. Biofuel production, such as bioethanol/biobutanol, is influenced by different types of nanoparticles and various nanocomposites. This chapter deals with the recent trends on the use of nanoparticles in the prospective and development of bioalcohols (bioethanol/biobutanol) production.
3 citations
References
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TL;DR: The most important variables affecting methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil and the reaction temperature as discussed by the authors, which is the commonly used alcohol in this process, due to its low cost.
1,798 citations
"Mini review on nanoimmobilization o..." refers background in this paper
...acids are alkyl chains of C14–C22 carbon produced by vegetable or animal oil, or algae [13]....
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TL;DR: This review gives an overview of the new technologies required and the advances achieved in recent years to bring lignocellulosic ethanol towards industrial production.
1,477 citations
"Mini review on nanoimmobilization o..." refers background in this paper
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TL;DR: Various aspects of nanoparticle formulation, characterization, effect of their characteristics and their applications in delivery of drug molecules and therapeutic genes are reviewed.
Abstract: For the past few decades, there has been a considerable research interest in the area of drug delivery using particulate delivery systems as carriers for small and large molecules. Particulate systems like nanoparticles have been used as a physical approach to alter and improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of various types of drug molecules. They have been used in vivo to protect the drug entity in the systemic circulation, restrict access of the drug to the chosen sites and to deliver the drug at a controlled and sustained rate to the site of action. Various polymers have been used in the formulation of nanoparticles for drug delivery research to increase therapeutic benefit, while minimizing side effects. Here, we review various aspects of nanoparticle formulation, characterization, effect of their characteristics and their applications in delivery of drug molecules and therapeutic genes.
1,385 citations
TL;DR: The potential uses of various biological sources for nanoparticle synthesis and the application of those nanoparticles are explored and the recent milestones achieved are highlighted by controlling critical parameters, including the choice of biological source, incubation period, pH, and temperature.
1,049 citations
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...Biogenic nanoparticles are more compatible with enzymes when compared with nanoparticles synthesized by other methods [22], since nanomagnetite-supported organocatalyst has good catalytic activity [67]....
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TL;DR: Characterization technologies at the nanoscale level to study enzymes immobilized on surfaces are crucial to obtain valuable qualitative and quantitative information, including morphological visualization of the immobilized enzymes, to assess efficacy of an immobilization technique and development of future enzyme immobilization strategies.
Abstract: The current demands of sustainable green methodologies have increased the use of enzymatic technology in industrial processes. Employment of enzyme as biocatalysts offers the benefits of mild reaction conditions, biodegradability and catalytic efficiency. The harsh conditions of industrial processes, however, increase propensity of enzyme destabilization, shortening their industrial lifespan. Consequently, the technology of enzyme immobilization provides an effective means to circumvent these concerns by enhancing enzyme catalytic properties and also simplify downstream processing and improve operational stability. There are several techniques used to immobilize the enzymes onto supports which range from reversible physical adsorption and ionic linkages, to the irreversible stable covalent bonds. Such techniques produce immobilized enzymes of varying stability due to changes in the surface microenvironment and degree of multipoint attachment. Hence, it is mandatory to obtain information about the structure of the enzyme protein following interaction with the support surface as well as interactions of the enzymes with other proteins. Characterization technologies at the nanoscale level to study enzymes immobilized on surfaces are crucial to obtain valuable qualitative and quantitative information, including morphological visualization of the immobilized enzymes. These technologies are pertinent to assess efficacy of an immobilization technique and development of future enzyme immobilization strategies.
988 citations