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Journal ArticleDOI

Mitotic Exit in the Absence of Separase Activity

01 Mar 2009-Molecular Biology of the Cell (American Society for Cell Biology)-Vol. 20, Iss: 5, pp 1576-1591
TL;DR: The first quantitative measure for Cdc14 release based on colocalization with the Net1 nucleolar anchor is defined, indicating efficient CDC14 release upon MEN activation; release driven by Esp1 in the absence of microtubules was inefficient and incapable of driving ME.
Abstract: In budding yeast, three interdigitated pathways regulate mitotic exit (ME): mitotic cyclin–cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inactivation; the Cdc14 early anaphase release (FEAR) network, including a n...

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work has shown that the key mitotic exit phosphatase in budding yeast, Cdc14, is now well understood, and in animal cells, it is now emerging that mitoticexit relies on distinct regulatory networks, including the protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A.
Abstract: The mitosis-to-interphase transition involves dramatic cellular reorganization from a state that supports chromosome segregation to a state that complies with all functions of an interphase cell. This process, termed mitotic exit, depends on the removal of mitotic phosphorylations from a broad range of substrates. Mitotic exit regulation involves inactivation of mitotic kinases and activation of counteracting protein phosphatases. The key mitotic exit phosphatase in budding yeast, Cdc14, is now well understood. By contrast, in animal cells, it is now emerging that mitotic exit relies on distinct regulatory networks, including the protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A.

294 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
16 Apr 2010-Cell
TL;DR: An intrinsically oscillatory module controlling nucleolar release and resequestration of the Cdc14 phosphatase is demonstrated, which is essential for mitotic exit in budding yeast and suggests that the intrinsically autonomous CDC14 release cycles are locked at once-per-cell-cycle through entrainment by the Cdk oscillator in wild-type cells.

97 citations


Cites methods from "Mitotic Exit in the Absence of Sepa..."

  • ...Cdc14 release was quantified as the coefficient of variation (CV, standard deviation divided by mean) of Cdc14-YFP pixel intensities (mother and bud treated separately), divided by the Net1-mCherry CV....

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  • ...We determined the response of the Cdc14 release cycle to fixed cyclin-Cdk levels (Drapkin et al., 2009), using a quantitative, single cell measurement for Cdc14 localization based on variation of cellular Cdc14-YFP pixel intensities, standardized to variation of nucleolar Net1-mCherry (Lu and Cross, 2009) (Experimental Procedures; Figure 1A)....

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  • ...…cycle to fixed cyclin-Cdk levels (Drapkin et al., 2009), using a quantitative, single cell measurement for Cdc14 localization based on variation of cellular Cdc14-YFP pixel intensities, standardized to variation of nucleolar Net1-mCherry (Lu and Cross, 2009) (Experimental Procedures; Figure 1A)....

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  • ..., 2009), using a quantitative, single cell measurement for Cdc14 localization based on variation of cellular Cdc14-YFP pixel intensities, standardized to variation of nucleolar Net1-mCherry (Lu and Cross, 2009) (Experimental Procedures; Figure 1A)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A decrease in Cdc42 activation during mitotic exit is necessary to allow localization of key cytokinesis regulators and proper septum formation.
Abstract: The role of Cdc42 and its regulation during cytokinesis is not well understood. Using biochemical and imaging approaches in budding yeast, we demonstrate that Cdc42 activation peaks during the G1/S transition and during anaphase but drops during mitotic exit and cytokinesis. Cdc5/Polo kinase is an important upstream cell cycle regulator that suppresses Cdc42 activity. Failure to down-regulate Cdc42 during mitotic exit impairs the normal localization of key cytokinesis regulators-Iqg1 and Inn1-at the division site, and results in an abnormal septum. The effects of Cdc42 hyperactivation are largely mediated by the Cdc42 effector p21-activated kinase Ste20. Inhibition of Cdc42 and related Rho guanosine triphosphatases may be a general feature of cytokinesis in eukaryotes.

79 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings suggest the dephosphorylation of the formins may be important for their observed localization change during exit from mitosis and indicate that Cdc14 targets proteins involved in wide-ranging mitotic events.

79 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
10 Dec 2015
TL;DR: This work crafted a new mathematical model of cell cycle progression in yeast that exploits a natural separation of time scales in the cell cycle control network to construct a system of differential-algebraic equations for protein synthesis and degradation, post-translational modifications, and rapid formation and dissociation of multimeric complexes.
Abstract: In the cell division cycle of budding yeast, START refers to a set of tightly linked events that prepare a cell for budding and DNA replication, and FINISH denotes the interrelated events by which the cell exits from mitosis and divides into mother and daughter cells. On the basis of recent progress made by molecular biologists in characterizing the genes and proteins that control START and FINISH, we crafted a new mathematical model of cell cycle progression in yeast. Our model exploits a natural separation of time scales in the cell cycle control network to construct a system of differential-algebraic equations for protein synthesis and degradation, post-translational modifications, and rapid formation and dissociation of multimeric complexes. The model provides a unified account of the observed phenotypes of 257 mutant yeast strains (98% of the 263 strains in the data set used to constrain the model). We then use the model to predict the phenotypes of 30 novel combinations of mutant alleles. Our comprehensive model of the molecular events controlling cell cycle progression in budding yeast has both explanatory and predictive power. Future experimental tests of the model's predictions will be useful to refine the underlying molecular mechanism, to constrain the adjustable parameters of the model, and to provide new insights into how the cell division cycle is regulated in budding yeast.

69 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...In this case, anaphase proceeds normally, activating the MEN while the FEAR pathway remains blocked.(42) In agreement with Lu and Cross,(42) our simulations (Figure 3) show that MEN activity is absolutely needed for mitotic exit, and FEAR is dispensable....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
17 Oct 1997-Science
TL;DR: Overexpression of either CDC20 or CDH1 was sufficient to induce APC-dependent proteolysis of the appropriate target in stages of the cell cycle in which substrates are normally stable.
Abstract: Proteolysis mediated by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) triggers chromosome segregation and exit from mitosis, yet its regulation is poorly understood. The conserved Cdc20 and Cdh1 proteins were identified as limiting, substrate-specific activators of APC-dependent proteolysis. CDC20 was required for the degradation of the APC substrate Pds1 but not for that of other APC substrates, such as Clb2 and Ase1. Conversely, cdh1Δmutants were impaired in the degradation of Ase1 and Clb2 but not in that of Pds1. Overexpression of either CDC20 orCDH1 was sufficient to induce APC-dependent proteolysis of the appropriate target in stages of the cell cycle in which substrates are normally stable.

876 citations


"Mitotic Exit in the Absence of Sepa..." refers background in this paper

  • ...APC-Cdh1–dependent inactivation of Cdc5 has been proposed to contribute to Cdc14 resequestration in the nucleolus (Visintin et al., 2008); therefore, the long Cdc14 release in cdh1 cells could be due to persistent Cdc5 activity in addition to persistent Clb cyclins....

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  • ..., 2000), and complete cyclin degradation is carried out later by APC-Cdh1 (Schwab et al., 1997; Visintin et al., 1997)....

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  • ...1576 © 2009 by The American Society for Cell Biology http://www.molbiolcell.org/content/suppl/2009/01/13/E08-10-1042.DC1.html Supplemental Material can be found at: same time that the securin Pds1 is degraded (Yeong et al., 2000), and complete cyclin degradation is carried out later by APC-Cdh1 (Schwab et al., 1997; Visintin et al., 1997)....

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  • ...…Biology http://www.molbiolcell.org/content/suppl/2009/01/13/E08-10-1042.DC1.html Supplemental Material can be found at: same time that the securin Pds1 is degraded (Yeong et al., 2000), and complete cyclin degradation is carried out later by APC-Cdh1 (Schwab et al., 1997; Visintin et al., 1997)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
27 Oct 2000-Cell
TL;DR: It is shown here that separin is a cysteine protease related to caspases that alone can cleave Sccl in vitro and depends on a conserved protein called separin for sister chromatid separation.

867 citations


"Mitotic Exit in the Absence of Sepa..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...We provided an ectopic source of cohesin cleavage by using the GAL1-TEV/SCC1-TEV system....

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  • ...Blocking sister separation with Scc1-RRDD in the presence of active Esp1 causes a delay in ME estimated between 20 and 60 min, depending on the assays for ME and/or on the exact experimental conditions (Uhlmann et al., 2000; Stegmeier et al., 2002)....

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  • ...The minor delay of ME in the GAL1-SIC1-4A GAL1-TEV/SCC1-TEV cdc20-blocked cells compared with release by Cdc20 reactivation is consistent with the lack of FEAR network activity due to lack of Esp1 activity (Stegmeier et al., 2002)....

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  • ...The GAL1-PDS1-mdb GAL1-TEV/SCC1-TEV strain exhibited a delay of 20 min judging from DNA flow cytometry and bud-count....

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  • ...culture medium, as described previously (Uhlmann et al., 2000), and release...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that in yeast cells and in mitotic Xenopus extracts Pds1p is degraded in an APC-dependent manner and is directly ubiquitinated by the Xenopus APC.
Abstract: Anaphase initiation has been postulated to be controlled through the ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of an unknown inhibitor. This process involves the anaphase promoting complex (APC), a specific ubiquitin ligase that has been shown to be involved in mitotic cyclin degradation. Previous studies demonstrated that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pds1 protein is an anaphase inhibitor and suggested that it may be an APC target. Here we show that in yeast cells and in mitotic Xenopus extracts Pds1p is degraded in an APC-dependent manner. In addition, Pds1p is directly ubiquitinated by the Xenopus APC. In budding yeast Pds1p is degraded at the time of anaphase initiation and nondegradable derivatives of Pds1p inhibit the onset of anaphase. We conclude that Pds1p is an anaphase inhibitor whose APC-dependent degradation is required for the initiation of anaphase.

831 citations


"Mitotic Exit in the Absence of Sepa..." refers background or result in this paper

  • ...…endogenous levels of undegradable Pds1 was suggested by failure to recover transformants of PDS1-mutated destruction box (mdb) under control of the PDS1 promoter in lowcopy number plasmids (Cohen-Fix et al., 1996), but the reason for the failure to recover these transformants was not elucidated....

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  • ...Overexpression of undegradable Pds1 causes a complete block to anaphase and a many-hour delay in ME (Cohen-Fix et al., 1996; Sullivan and Uhlmann, 2003; Queralt et al., 2006)....

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  • ...Pds1 degradation by Cdc20-APC is dependent on the Pds1 “destruction Molecular Biology of the Cell1578 box” (Cohen-Fix et al., 1996)....

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  • ...This delay was consistent with the ME delay in FEAR network mutants (Stegmeier et al., 2002), but much shorter than the 3-h delay caused by GAL1-PDS1-mdb overexpression (Cohen-Fix et al., 1996) (Figure 3A)....

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  • ...Many previous experiments support the efficacy of GAL1PDS1-mdb in full inhibition of Esp1, both for its proteolytic and nonproteolytic functions (Cohen-Fix et al., 1996; Sullivan and Uhlmann, 2003; Queralt et al., 2006), and the results in Figure 3B are consistent with the results in Figure 3A…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work shows that the Cdc14 phosphatase triggers mitotic exit by three parallel mechanisms, each of which inhibits Cdk activity, and induces degradation of mitotic cyclins.

780 citations


"Mitotic Exit in the Absence of Sepa..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Clb2 degradation, and all other aspects of ME scored, were dependent on an intact spindle, the MEN, and Cdh1, in Esp1 overexpressors, suggesting that full cdc20 bypass by overexpressed Esp1 requires Clb–Cdk inactivation via Cdh1 activation through the MEN (Visintin et al., 1998; Jaspersen et al., 1999)....

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  • ...…degradation, and all other aspects of ME scored, were dependent on an intact spindle, the MEN, and Cdh1, in Esp1 overexpressors, suggesting that full cdc20 bypass by overexpressed Esp1 requires Clb–Cdk inactivation via Cdh1 activation through the MEN (Visintin et al., 1998; Jaspersen et al., 1999)....

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  • ...Cdh1 is likely activated by MEN-released Cdc14 (Jaspersen et al., 1998; Visintin et al., 1998), and Cdc14 also promotes ME via accumulation of the Sic1 Cdk inhibitor (Visintin et al., 1998)....

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  • ..., 1998), and Cdc14 also promotes ME via accumulation of the Sic1 Cdk inhibitor (Visintin et al., 1998)....

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  • ...MEN activation promotes highly efficient Cdc14 release, which can activate Cdh1 by dephosphorylation (Visintin et al., 1998; Jaspersen et al., 1999), leading to Clb degradation....

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Journal ArticleDOI
16 Apr 1999-Cell
TL;DR: A mutation is identified, net1-1, that bypasses the lethality of tem1 delta and is a key component of a multifunctional complex, denoted RENT (for regulator of nucleolar silencing and telophase), that also contains Cdc14 and the silencing regulator Sir2.

758 citations


"Mitotic Exit in the Absence of Sepa..." refers background or result in this paper

  • ...The net1 deletion bypasses the cdc15 block to telophase exit and rebudding, as expected because these double mutants are viable ( Shou et al., 1999; Visintin et al., 1999)....

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  • ...An advantage of this approach is that it controls for changes in shape of the nucleolus, because Net1 remains stably nucleolar throughout the cell cycle ( Shou et al., 1999 )....

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  • ...…that Esp1 is not required for ME is consistent with the fact that the FEAR network, although accelerating progression through mitosis, is dispensable for the cell cycle, whereas the MEN is essential (Shou et al., 1999; Visintin et al., 1999; Hofken and Schiebel, 2002; Stegmeier et al., 2002)....

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  • ...The net1 deletion bypasses the cdc15 block to telophase exit and rebudding, as expected because these double mutants are viable (Shou et al., 1999; Visintin et al., 1999)....

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  • ...Cdk activity by itself is unlikely to control Cdc14 export, because the timing of Clb2 degradation in cdc15-2 net1 is almost identical to CDC15 net1 (Supplemental Figure 7), as expected (Shou et al., 1999)....

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