Mix Design of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental investigation has been carried out for the gradation of geopolymer concrete and a mix design procedure is proposed on the basis of quantity and fineness of fly ash, quantity of water, grading of fine aggregate, fine to total aggregate ratio.
Abstract: Geopolymer is a new development in the world of concrete in which cement is totally replaced by pozzolanic materials like fly ash and activated by highly alkaline solutions to act as a binder in the concrete mix. For the selection of suitable ingredients of geopolymer concrete to achieve desire strength at required workability, an experimental investigation has been carried out for the gradation of geopolymer concrete and a mix design procedure is proposed on the basis of quantity and fineness of fly ash, quantity of water, grading of fine aggregate, fine to total aggregate ratio. Sodium silicate solution with Na2O = 16.37 %, SiO2 = 34.35 % and H2O = 49.28 % and sodium hydroxide solution having 13 M concentration were maintained constant throughout the experiment. Water-to-geopolymer binder ratio of 0.35, alkaline solution-to-fly ash ratio of 0.35 and sodium silicate-to-sodium hydroxide ratio of 1.0 by mass were fixed on the basis of workability and cube compressive strength. Workability of geopolymer concrete was measured by flow table apparatus and cubes of 150 mm side were cast and tested for compressive strength after specified period of oven heating. The temperature of oven heating was maintained at 60 °C for 24 h duration and tested 7 days after heating. It is observed that the results of workability and compressive strength are well match with the required degree of workability and compressive strength. So, proposed method is used to design normal and standard geopolymer concrete.
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TL;DR: In this article, the strength performance of geopolymer concrete (GC) with different proportions of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag is presented. And the potential of GC against acid resistance, porosity, water absorption and sorptivity is presented in this paper.
Abstract: A geopolymer binder is measured as an alternative and elective material to customary Portland binders. Utilization of Fly ash (FA) as a primary binding material limits the waste creation of thermal power stations and reduces environmental impacts. This paper presents the strength performance of geopolymer concrete (GC) with different proportions of FA and ground granulated blast furnace slag. The potential of GC against acid resistance, porosity, water absorption, and sorptivity is presented in this paper. Apart from this, rapid chloride penetration test was performed to assess the chloride resistance of GC. XRD and SEM analysis was done on selected samples of GC to categorize microstructural performance. The results depicted that mixes M5 and M10 have attained higher compressive strengths, i.e., 49.0 and 57.6 MPa, while the acid durability loss factor values are less by 28% and 19%, respectively compared to other mixes of GC.
20 citations
DOI•
22 Apr 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete for different molarities of sodium hydroxide solution has been investigated and the results show that there is an increase in comp. strength with increase in molarity of Sodium Hydroxide Solution.
Abstract: This paper contains the experimental study of strength of geopolymer concrete for different molarities of sodium hydroxide solution. This paper also contains results of the laboratory tests conducted to find out the effect of sodium hydroxide concentration on the strength of the geopolymer concrete. In these days the world is facing a major problem i.e. the environmental pollution. We can use fly ash instead of cement in the construction in order to reduce environmental pollution. The Concrete made by using Fly ash and alkaline liquid mixture as a binder is known as geopolymer concrete. In this study for the polymerization process alkaline liquids used are Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3). Different molarities of sodium hydroxide solution i.e. 8M, 10M and 12M are taken to prepare different mixes and the compressive strength is calculated for each of the mix. The size of the cube specimens taken are 150mm X 150mm X 150mm. Curing of these cubes is done in an oven for 3 days and 28 days. The Compressive strength of these geopolymer concrete specimens is tested at 3 days and 28 days. The results show that there is increase in comp. strength of geopolymer concrete with increase in molarity of Sodium Hydroxide Solution. Ordinary Concrete Specimens are also manufactured with cement as binder. It is found that the Compressive strength of Geopolymer Concrete specimens is higher than the Compressive strength of Ordinary Concrete Specimens.
19 citations
01 Jul 2020
TL;DR: In this article, an overview of geopolymarization process, mechanical properties and mix design of GPC is presented, which can produce desired mechanical properties for ambient curing condition and geopolymer concrete can consider as eco-friendly construction material.
Abstract: Geo-polymer concrete (GPC) is a most viable solution to cement as the raw materials depleting down the years and, many countries have started imposing carbon taxes. After a review for the literature reveals that there is no proper mix design procedure developed yet. GPC has better mechanical properties when compared to normal concrete. Curing conditions, setting times, workability, alkaline solution to binder ratios, molarity of alkaline solution, Na2SiO3/NaOH and SiO2/Al2O3 ratios play an important role to develop GPC. This paper presents an overview of Geopolymarization process, mechanical properties and mix design of GPC. Proper mix design of geopolymer concrete can produce desired mechanical properties for ambient curing condition. And geopolymer concrete can consider as eco-friendly construction material. This paper deals with study of advancement in mix design and mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete.
19 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a fly-ash-based GPC beam reinforced with two different types of FRP bars was tested under four-point bending with a clear span of 2000 mm.
Abstract: A construction system with high sustainability, high durability, and appropriate strength can be supplied by geopolymer concrete (GPC) reinforced with glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars. Few studies deal with a combination of GPC and FRP bars, especially CFRP bars. The present investigation presents the flexural capacity and behaviour of fly-ash-based GPC beam reinforced with two different types of FRP bars: six reinforced geopolymer concrete (RGPC) beams consisting of three specimens reinforced with GFRP bars and the rest with CFRP bars. The beams were tested under four-point bending with a clear span of 2000 mm. The test parameters included the longitudinal-reinforcement ratio and the longitudinal-reinforcement type, including GFRP and CFRP. Ultimate load, first crack load, load-deflection behaviour, load-strain curve, crack width, and the modes of failure were studied. The experimental results were compared with the equations recommended by ACI 440.1R-15 and CSA S806-12 for flexural strength and midspan deflection of the beams. The results show that the reinforcement ratio had a significant effect on the ultimate load capacity and failure mode. The ultimate load capacity of CFRP-RGPC beams was higher than that of GFRP-RGPC, more crack formations were observed in the CFRP-RGPC beams than in the GFRP-RGPC beams, and the crack width in the GFRP-RGPC beams was more extensive than that in the CFRP-RGPC beams. Beams with lower reinforcement ratios experienced a fewer number of crack and a higher value of crack width, while numerous cracks and less value of crack width were observed in beams with higher reinforcement ratio. Beams with the lower reinforcement ratios were more affected by the type of FRP bars, and the deflection in GFRP-RGPC beams was higher than that in CFRP-RGPC beams for the same corresponding load level. ACI 440.1R-15 and CSA S806-12 underestimated the flexural strength and midspan deflection of RGPC beams; however, CSA S806-12 predicted more accurately.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, fly ash based geopolymer composite cubes were cast using class F fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as binders.
Abstract: Fly ash based geopolymer composite cubes were cast using class F fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as binders. The fluid-to-binder ratio was varied keeping all other parameters ...
16 citations
References
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TL;DR: In the last few years, technological progress has been made in the development of new materials such as "geopolymers" and new techniques, such as ''sol-gel'' as mentioned in this paper, opening up new applications and procedures and transforming ideas that have been taken for granted in inorganic chemistry.
Abstract: Spectacular technological progress has been made in the last few years through thedevelopment of new materials such as «geopolymers», and new techniques, such as «sol-gel». New state-of-the-art materials designed with the help of geopolymerization reactions are opening up new applications and procedures and transforming ideas that have been taken for granted in inorganic chemistry. High temperature techniques arc no longer necessary to obtain materials which are ceramic-like in their structures and properties
3,178 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a statistical study of the effect on the polymerization process of the molar ratio of the component oxides and the water content of the mixture showed the latter to be a critical parameter.
933 citations
TL;DR: In this article, fly ash-based geopolymer concrete was developed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and the test results showed the effects of various parameters on the properties of the concrete.
Abstract: To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, efforts are needed to develop environmentally friendly construction materials. This paper presents the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. In geopolymer concrete, a by-product material rich in silicon and aluminum, such as low-calcium (ASTM C 618 Class F) fly ash, is chemically activated by a high-alkaline solution to form a paste that binds the loose coarse and fine aggregates, and other unreacted materials in the mixture. The test results presented in this paper show the effects of various parameters on the properties of geopolymer concrete. The application of geopolymer concrete and future research needs are also identified.
797 citations
01 Jan 1994
229 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the increase use of large volumes of fly ash and other supplementary cementing materials in the construction industry and its role in reducing these emissions, since the manufacture of portland cement contributes significantly to carbon dioxide emissions.
Abstract: Environmental issues will play a leading role in the sustainable development of the cement and concrete industry in the 21st century. The World Earth Summits in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992, and Kyoto, Japan in 1997, have made it abundantly clear that unchecked increased emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere is no longer environmentally and socially acceptable for overall sustainable development. The primary greenhouse gas emissions discussed in the sessions of the above conferences are carbon dioxide emissions. Other greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide and methane, are of serious concern, but the amount involved is relatively small compared with that of carbon dioxide. Consequently, developed countries are considering regulations and mandatory quotas on the emission of these gases, and the main thrust is to stabilize these emissions to the 1990 level by the year 2010. Since the manufacture of portland cement contributes significantly to carbon dioxide emissions, this article discusses the increase use of large volumes of fly ash and other supplementary cementing materials in the construction industry and its role in reducing these emissions.
226 citations