scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

Mobilization of heavy metals by newer, therapeutically useful chelating agents

TL;DR: The Dimaval-mercury challenge test holds great promise as a diagnostic test for mercury exposure, especially for low level mercurialism.
About: This article is published in Toxicology.The article was published on 1995-03-31. It has received 255 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Dimercaprol.
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of redox and non-redox metal-induced formation of free radicals and the role of oxidative stress in toxic action of metals is provided.

2,429 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: D diagnosis of mercury toxicity can be challenging but can be obtained with reasonable reliability and effective therapies for clinical toxicity have been described.
Abstract: Mercury is a toxic heavy metal which is widely dispersed in nature. Most human exposure results from fish consumption or dental amalgam. Mercury occurs in several chemical forms, with complex pharmacokinetics. Mercury is capable of inducing a wide range of clinical presentations. Diagnosis of mercury toxicity can be challenging but can be obtained with reasonable reliability. Effective therapies for clinical toxicity have been described.

791 citations


Cites background from "Mobilization of heavy metals by new..."

  • ...Protocols determining the pharmacokinetics of DMPS and evaluating its use for diagnostic purposes have been published in Germany [101], Sweden [102, 103], New Zealand [100], and Mexico [104] and in the United States [105–109]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI

[...]

01 Apr 2011-BMJ

729 citations

01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of using antioxidants in treating lead poisoning was discussed, and the possible protective effects of antioxidants in lead toxicity were investigated. But, the authors did not consider the effect of antioxidant supplementation following lead exposure.
Abstract: Recent studies have shown that lead causes oxidative stress by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species, reducing the antioxidant defense system of cells via depleting glutathione, inhibiting sulfhydryl-dependent enzymes, interfering with some essential metals needed for antioxidant enzyme activities, and/or increasing susceptibility of cells to oxidative attack by altering the membrane integrity and fatty acid composition. Consequently, it is plausible that impaired oxidant/antioxidant balance can be partially responsible for the toxic effects of lead. Where enhanced oxidative stress contributes to lead-induced toxicity, restoration of a cell's antioxidant capacity appears to provide a partial remedy. Several studies are underway to determine the effect of antioxidant supplementation following lead exposure. Data suggest that antioxidants may play an important role in abating some hazards of lead. To explain the importance of using antioxidants in treating lead poisoning the following topics are addressed: (i) Oxidative damage caused by lead poisoning; (ii) conventional treatment of lead poisoning and its side effects; and (iii) possible protective effects of antioxidants in lead toxicity.

536 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data suggest that antioxidants may play an important role in abating some hazards of lead, and that restoration of a cell's antioxidant capacity appears to provide a partial remedy.

524 citations


Cites background from "Mobilization of heavy metals by new..."

  • ...(iii) Unlike CaNa 2EDTA, succimer has specific affinity for heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, and mercury, but causes little increase in the excretion of iron, zinc, or calcium [78,81,92]....

    [...]

  • ...across the blood-brain barrier is very slow [81]....

    [...]

  • ...of encephalopathy, and cause renal toxicity [76,81,86]....

    [...]

References
More filters
Book
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this article, 42 authors share the herculean task of reviewing the flood of recent literature on pharmacology and rational use of drugs, under single or dual authorship they contribute the 76 chapters in the 18 sections.
Abstract: on pharmacology and the rational use of drugs, 42 authors share the herculean task of reviewing the flood of recent literature. Under single or dual authorship they contribute the 76 chapters in the 18 sections. The "liberal use of extract (fine) type as a space-saving device" allows nearly twice as much material under one cover. Although portions printed in smaller type "are of somewhat lesser importance," in most cases it will be necessary and profitable to read these. For example, extract type is used to narrate the historical background and to discuss complex structure-activity relationships, significant laboratory and clinical studies, the types of preparations, dosages and routes of administration, side effects and adverse reactions, and the therapeutic uses. Each chapter offers a complete and up-to-date review. Usually, enough information is given so that

9,817 citations

BookDOI
TL;DR: An overview of several important aspects of biological monitoring is given, which can be used to identify individuals, or groups of individuals, with high exposure or at high risk.
Abstract: The biological monitoring of metals, when used properly, allows total exposure to a particular metal to be measured from various media. It takes into consideration inter- and intraindividual variations in uptake due to differences in metabolism and physical work load and can be used to identify individuals, or groups of individuals, with high exposure or at high risk. As many metals are retained for long periods, biological monitoring may not only provide information on recent exposure, but also on exposure which occurred a long time ago. Under optimal conditions, the concentration of a metal in biological media can be used to assess exposure, the concentration of the metal in the target or critical organ (ie, the organ where the adverse effects are first observed) and the risks for adverse effects. This paper gives an overview of several important aspects of biological monitoring but does not provide detailed information on particular metals.

448 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article reviews the pharmacological properties and the uses of two important antidotes for heavy metal poisoning, DMSA and DMPS, water soluble chemical analogs of dimercaprol, which have less toxicity, greater water solubility, and lim­ ited lipid solubilities, and are effective when given orally.
Abstract: This article reviews the pharmacological properties and the uses of two important antidotes for heavy metal poisoning. Meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and 2,3-dimercapto-l-propanesulfonic acid, Na salt (DMPS) are relatively new antidotes-new, that is, to the western world. Although DMSA was introduced originally by Friedheim et al (1) to increase uptake of antimony during schistosomiasis therapy, Liang et al (77) at Shanghai in 1957 were the first to report its effectiveness as an antidote for heavy metal poisoning. The synthesis and some of the metal binding properties of DMPS were reported in 1956 by Petrunkin from Kiev (3). Shortly thereaf­ ter, DMPS became an official drug in the Soviet Union, where it is known as Unithiol (4). Between 1956 and 1975, DMSA and DMPS were studied extensively, at both the basic science and clinical levels, in the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, and Japan. Some of these investigations have been cited and can be found in an earlier review (5). In the USA and western Europe, however, these two compounds received very little attention until recently. A paper by Friedheim & Corvi (6) in 1975, dealing with DMSA for the treatment of mercury poisoning, and the recent production and availability of DMPS from Heyl & Co., Berlin, stimulated investigators to "rediscover" and study these two metal-binding agents. DMSA and DMPS are water soluble chemical analogs of dimercaprol (British Anti-Lewisite, BAL). In contrast to BAL, they have less toxicity, greater water solubility, and lim­ ited lipid solubility, and are effective when given orally.

309 citations


"Mobilization of heavy metals by new..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Advantages There has been extensive use of this drug in humans both in the Soviet Union and in Germany (Aposhian, 1983; Damrau, 1990; Oster and Prellwitz, 1985; Pfeifer, 1991)....

    [...]

  • ...Reviews are available (Aposhian, 1983; Hruby and Donner, 1987)....

    [...]

  • ...After administration of BAL to rabbits with arsenic intoxication, there was an increased concentration of arsenic in their brains and testes (Hoover and Aposhian, 1983; Aposhian et al., 1984)....

    [...]

  • ...For such a purpose, DMPS is more effective and useful since it can be taken orally and is less toxic than BAL (Aposhian et al., 1982; Aposhian, 1983)....

    [...]

  • ...It is my assignment to tell you about the new, orally useful chelating agents that are effective for the treatment of heavy metal or metalloid toxicity (Aposhian, 1983; Aposhian and Aposhian, 1990; Angle, 1993)....

    [...]