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Journal ArticleDOI

Model for auditory localization

01 Nov 1976-Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (Acoustical Society of America)-Vol. 60, Iss: 5, pp 1164-1175
TL;DR: Using a nonlinear regression program, the standard deviations of four of the auditory localization cues are estimated, allowing objective comparison of their relative accuracy.
Abstract: A mathematical model based on statistical decision theory has been devised to represent the human auditory localization task. The known localization cues have been represented as Gaussian random variables, so that their interaction in a given experiment can be analyzed (and predicted) along the lines of classical detection/estimation theory. We have applied this technique to most of the horizontal and vertical localization experiments reported in the literature during the past ten years, encompassing over 200 subjects and 20 000 trials. Using a nonlinear regression program we have been able to estimate the standard deviations of four of the auditory localization cues, allowing objective comparison of their relative accuracy. The resulting model provides a relatively good fit to the published results on 40 localization experiments.Subject Classification: [43]65.62, [43]65.58, [43]65.35.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper argues that the MWF model is consistent with previous experimental results and is a parsimonious summary of these results, and describes experimental methods, analogous to perturbation analysis, that permit us to analyze depth cue combination in novel ways.

975 citations

Book
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this article, technology and applications for the rendering of virtual acoustic spaces are reviewed, including applications to computer workstations, communication systems, aeronautics and space, and sonic arts.
Abstract: Technology and applications for the rendering of virtual acoustic spaces are reviewed. Chapter 1 deals with acoustics and psychoacoustics. Chapters 2 and 3 cover cues to spatial hearing and review psychoacoustic literature. Chapter 4 covers signal processing and systems overviews of 3-D sound systems. Chapter 5 covers applications to computer workstations, communication systems, aeronautics and space, and sonic arts. Chapter 6 lists resources. This TM is a reprint of the 1994 book from Academic Press.

960 citations

Reference BookDOI
15 Jul 2002
TL;DR: Vol. 1 1. Neural Basis of Vision, 2. Associative Structures in Pavlovian and Instrumental Conditioning, 3. Reinforcement Learning, and 4. Learning: Laws and Models of Basic Conditioning.
Abstract: Vol. 1 1. Neural Basis of Vision. 2. Color Vision. 3. Depth Perception. 4. Perception of Visual Motion. 5. Perceptual Organization in Vision. 6. Attention. 7. Visual Object Recognition. 8. Motor Control. 9. Neural Basis of Audition. 10. Auditory Perception and Cognition. 11. Music Perception and Cognition. 12. Speech Perception. 13. Neural Basis of Haptic Perception. 14. Touch and Haptics. 15. Perception of Pain and Temperature. 16. Taste. 17. Olfaction. Vol. 2 1. Kinds of Memory. 2. Models of Memory. 3. Cognitive Neuroscience. 4. Spatial Cognition. 5. Knowledge Representation. 6. Psycholinguistics. 7. Language Processing. 8. Problem Solving. 9. Reasoning. 10. Decision Making. 11. Concepts & Categorization. 12. Cognitive Development. 13. Culture & Cognition. Vol. 3 1. Associative Structures in Pavlovian and Instrumental Conditioning. 2. Learning: Laws and Models of Basic Conditioning. 3. Reinforcement Learning. 4. Neural Analysis of Learning in Simple Systems. 5. Learning Mutants. 6. Learning Instincts. 7. Perceptual Learning. 8. Spatial Learning. 9. Temporal Learning. 10. Role of Learning in Cognitive Development. 11. Language Acquisition. 12. Role of Learning in the Operation of Motivational Systems. 13. Emotional Plasticity. 14. Anatomy of Motivation. 15. Hunger Energy Homeostasis. 16. Thirst and Water-Salt Appetite. 17. Reproductive Motivation. 18. Social Behavior. 19. Addiction. Vol. 4 1. Representational Measurement Theory. 2. Signal Detection Theory. 3. Psychophysical Scaling. 4. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 5. Functional Brain Imaging. 6. Neural Network Modeling. 7. Parallel and Serial Processing. 8. Methodology and Statistics in Single-Subject Experiments. 9. Analysis, Interpretation, and Visual Presentation of Experimental Data. 10. Meta-Analysis. 11. Mathematical Modeling. 12. Analysis of Response Time Distributions. 13. Testing and Measurement. 14. Personality and Individual Differences. 15. Electrophysiology of Attention. 16. Single vs. Multiple Systems of Memory and Learning. 17. Infant Cognition. 18. Aging and Cognition.

878 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Techniques used to synthesize headphone-presented stimuli that simulate the ear-canal waveforms produced by free-field sources are described, showing that the simulations duplicate free- field waveforms within a few dB of magnitude and a few degrees of phase at frequencies up to 14 kHz.
Abstract: This article describes techniques used to synthesize headphone-presented stimuli that simulate the ear-canal waveforms produced by free-field sources. The stimulus synthesis techniques involve measurement of each subject's free-field-to-eardrum transfer functions for sources at a large number of locations in free field, and measurement of headphone-to-eardrum transfer functions with the subject wearing headphones. Digital filters are then constructed from the transfer function measurements, and stimuli are passed through these digital filters. Transfer function data from ten subjects and 144 source positions are described in this article, along with estimates of the various sources of error in the measurements. The free-field-to-eardrum transfer function data are consistent with comparable data reported elsewhere in the literature. A comparison of ear-canal waveforms produced by free-field sources with ear-canal waveforms produced by headphone-presented simulations shows that the simulations duplicate free-field waveforms within a few dB of magnitude and a few degrees of phase at frequencies up to 14 kHz.

724 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...(Searle et al., 1976)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Five bilateral cochlear implant users were tested for their localization abilities and speech understanding in noise, and participated in lateralization tasks to assess the impact of variations in interaural time delays (ITDs) and Interaural level differences (ILDs) for electrical pulse trains under direct computer control.
Abstract: Five bilateral cochlear implant users were tested for their localization abilities and speech understanding in noise, for both monaural and binaural listening conditions. They also participated in lateralization tasks to assess the impact of variations in interaural time delays (ITDs) and interaural level differences (ILDs) for electrical pulse trains under direct computer control. The localization task used pink noise bursts presented from an eight-loudspeaker array spanning an arc of approximately 108° in front of the listeners at ear level (0-degree elevation). Subjects showed large benefits from bilateral device use compared to either side alone. Typical root-mean-square (rms) averaged errors across all eight loudspeakers in the array were about 10° for bilateral device use and ranged from 20° to 60° using either ear alone. Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) were measured for sentences presented from directly in front of the listeners (0°) in spectrally matching speech-weighted noise at either 0°, +90° or −90° for four subjects out of five tested who could perform the task. For noise to either side, bilateral device use showed a substantial benefit over unilateral device use when noise was ipsilateral to the unilateral device. This was primarily because of monaural head-shadow effects, which resulted in robust SRT improvements (P<0.001) of about 4 to 5 dB when ipsilateral and contralateral noise positions were compared. The additional benefit of using both ears compared to the shadowed ear (i.e., binaural unmasking) was only 1 or 2 dB and less robust (P=0.04). Results from the lateralization studies showed consistently good sensitivity to ILDs; better than the smallest level adjustment available in the implants (0.17 dB) for some subjects. Sensitivity to ITDs was moderate on the other hand, typically of the order of 100 μs. ITD sensitivity deteriorated rapidly when stimulation rates for unmodulated pulse-trains increased above a few hundred Hz but at 800 pps showed sensitivity comparable to 50-pps pulse-trains when a 50-Hz modulation was applied. In our opinion, these results clearly demonstrate important benefits are available from bilateral implantation, both for localizing sounds (in quiet) and for listening in noise when signal and noise sources are spatially separated. The data do indicate, however, that effects of interaural timing cues are weaker than those from interaural level cues and according to our psychophysical findings rely on the availability of low-rate information below a few hundred Hz.

460 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The laws of categorical and comparative judgements of signal detection have been studied in the literature as mentioned in this paper for signal detection with equal variance with equal Variances, i.e., Gaussian Distributions of Signal and Noise with Unequal Variants.
Abstract: Contents: Foreword. Preface. What Are Statistical Decisions? Non-Parametric Measures of Sensitivity. Gaussian Distributions of Signal and Noise With Equal Variances. Gaussian Distributions of Signal and Noise With Unequal Variances. Conducting a Rating Scale Experiment. Choice Theory Approximations to Signal Detection Theory. Threshold Theory. The Laws of Categorical and Comparative Judgement. Appendices: Answers to Problems. Logarithms. Integration of the Expression for the Logistic Curve. Computer Programmes for Signal Detection Analysis. Tables.

798 citations

Book
Don McNicol1
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: This book discusses Gaussian Distributions of Signal and Noise With Equal Variances, Choice Theory Approximations to Signal Detection Theory, and Threshold Theory.
Abstract: Contents: Foreword. Preface. What Are Statistical Decisions? Non-Parametric Measures of Sensitivity. Gaussian Distributions of Signal and Noise With Equal Variances. Gaussian Distributions of Signal and Noise With Unequal Variances. Conducting a Rating Scale Experiment. Choice Theory Approximations to Signal Detection Theory. Threshold Theory. The Laws of Categorical and Comparative Judgement. Appendices: Answers to Problems. Logarithms. Integration of the Expression for the Logistic Curve. Computer Programmes for Signal Detection Analysis. Tables.

753 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ability of listeners to locate sound in the vertical plane was investigated and showed that for auditory stimuli to be located accurately, the stimulus must be complex, it must include frequencies above 7000 cps, and the pinna must be present.
Abstract: The ability of listeners to locate sound in the vertical plane was investigated. The results showed that for auditory stimuli to be located accurately (1) the stimulus must be complex, (2) it must include frequencies above 7000 cps, and, (3) the pinna must be present.

292 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that localization ability decreases with increasing occlusion, that it is better for signals in the anterior than in the posterior sector of the median plane, and that high‐frequency signal content is more important than the low.
Abstract: Localization of sound sources outside the median plane is influenced primarily by differences in head shadow and arrival time of the signal at the two ears of the observer. For sources located within this plane, localization is influenced primarily by the irregularities of the pinna. By progressively occluding these cavities, it is shown that localization ability decreases with increasing occlusion, that it is better for signals in the anterior than in the posterior sector of the median plane, and that high‐frequency signal content is more important than the low. A number of hypotheses regarding localization in the median plane are noted.

229 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A rubber replica has a pinna, concha, and auditory meatus with dimensions comparable with those of real human ears, and pressure distributions in the canal and concha are given for M1, M2, and three other modes.
Abstract: A rubber replica has a pinna, concha, and auditory meatus with dimensions comparable with those of real human ears. At the eardrum position, there is provision for a totally reflecting termination (hard wall) or for various eardrum impedance networks. The replica is mounted in a rigid plane, and a point source at a distance of 8 cm provides sound with various angles of incidence over the frequency range 1–15 kHz. The sound pressure is measured with a probe‐tube microphone at selected positions in the open canal and at the center of a plug closing the ear‐canal entrance (“meatus‐blocked” condition). The response with open canal and the response with blocked meatus have virtually identical angular dependence up to 12 kHz. From 2–7 kHz, there is substantial acoustic gain at the eardrum position associated with a fundamental canal resonance (M1) and a second mode largely controlled by a depth resonance of the concha (M2). Pressure distributions in the canal and concha are given for M1, M2, and three other modes. Limited data for six real ears with open and blocked canal are in good agreement with replica measurements up to 7 kHz. At 8 kHz, however, the on‐axis response of real ears passes through a sharp minimum that is either removed to a higher frequency or is largely absent with the sound source above the axis.

226 citations