Model Predictive Control—A Simple and Powerful Method to Control Power Converters
TL;DR: The feasibility and great potential of FCS-MPC due to present-day signal-processing capabilities, particularly for power systems with a reduced number of switching states and more complex operating principles, such as matrix converters are found.
Abstract: This paper presents a detailed description of finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) applied to power converters Several key aspects related to this methodology are, in depth, presented and compared with traditional power converter control techniques, such as linear controllers with pulsewidth-modulation-based methods The basic concepts, operating principles, control diagrams, and results are used to provide a comparison between the different control strategies The analysis is performed on a traditional three-phase voltage source inverter, used as a simple and comprehensive reference frame However, additional topologies and power systems are addressed to highlight differences, potentialities, and challenges of FCS-MPC Among the conclusions are the feasibility and great potential of FCS-MPC due to present-day signal-processing capabilities, particularly for power systems with a reduced number of switching states and more complex operating principles, such as matrix converters In addition, the possibility to address different or additional control objectives easily in a single cost function enables a simple, flexible, and improved performance controller for power-conversion systems
Citations
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TL;DR: This paper first presents a brief overview of well-established multilevel converters strongly oriented to their current state in industrial applications to then center the discussion on the new converters that have made their way into the industry.
Abstract: Multilevel converters have been under research and development for more than three decades and have found successful industrial application. However, this is still a technology under development, and many new contributions and new commercial topologies have been reported in the last few years. The aim of this paper is to group and review these recent contributions, in order to establish the current state of the art and trends of the technology, to provide readers with a comprehensive and insightful review of where multilevel converter technology stands and is heading. This paper first presents a brief overview of well-established multilevel converters strongly oriented to their current state in industrial applications to then center the discussion on the new converters that have made their way into the industry. In addition, new promising topologies are discussed. Recent advances made in modulation and control of multilevel converters are also addressed. A great part of this paper is devoted to show nontraditional applications powered by multilevel converters and how multilevel converters are becoming an enabling technology in many industrial sectors. Finally, some future trends and challenges in the further development of this technology are discussed to motivate future contributions that address open problems and explore new possibilities.
3,415 citations
TL;DR: The paper shows how the use of FCS-MPC provides a simple and efficient computational realization for different control objectives in Power Electronics.
Abstract: This paper addresses to some of the latest contributions on the application of Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) in Power Electronics. In FCS-MPC , the switching states are directly applied to the power converter, without the need of an additional modulation stage. The paper shows how the use of FCS-MPC provides a simple and efficient computational realization for different control objectives in Power Electronics. Some applications of this technology in drives, active filters, power conditioning, distributed generation and renewable energy are covered. Finally, attention is paid to the discussion of new trends in this technology and to the identification of open questions and future research topics.
1,331 citations
TL;DR: The paper revisits the operating principle of MPC and identifies three key elements in the MPC strategies, namely the prediction model, the cost function, and the optimization algorithm.
Abstract: Model predictive control (MPC) is a very attractive solution for controlling power electronic converters. The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the latest developments in MPC for power converters and drives, describing the current state of this control strategy and analyzing the new trends and challenges it presents when applied to power electronic systems. The paper revisits the operating principle of MPC and identifies three key elements in the MPC strategies, namely the prediction model, the cost function, and the optimization algorithm. This paper summarizes the most recent research concerning these elements, providing details about the different solutions proposed by the academic and industrial communities.
1,283 citations
Cites background from "Model Predictive Control—A Simple a..."
...nological advances in microprocessors, it has been proposed and studied as a promising alternative for the control of power converters and drives [2], [3]....
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TL;DR: An inverter configuration based on three-level building blocks to generate five-level voltage waveforms is suggested and it is shown that such an inverter may be operated at a very low switching frequency to achieve minimum on-state and dynamic device losses for highly efficient MV drive applications while maintaining low harmonic distortion.
Abstract: This paper gives an overview of medium-voltage (MV) multilevel converters with a focus on achieving minimum harmonic distortion and high efficiency at low switching frequency operation. Increasing the power rating by minimizing switching frequency while still maintaining reasonable power quality is an important requirement and a persistent challenge for the industry. Existing solutions are discussed and analyzed based on their topologies, limitations, and control techniques. As a preferred option for future research and application, an inverter configuration based on three-level building blocks to generate five-level voltage waveforms is suggested. This paper shows that such an inverter may be operated at a very low switching frequency to achieve minimum on-state and dynamic device losses for highly efficient MV drive applications while maintaining low harmonic distortion.
1,150 citations
20 Oct 2009
TL;DR: This paper serves as an introduction to the subject for the not-familiarized reader, as well as an update or reference for academics and practicing engineers working in the field of industrial and power electronics.
Abstract: Multilevel converters are considered today as the state-of-the-art power-conversion systems for high-power and power-quality demanding applications. This paper presents a tutorial on this technology, covering the operating principle and the different power circuit topologies, modulation methods, technical issues and industry applications. Special attention is given to established technology already found in industry with more in-depth and self-contained information, while recent advances and state-of-the-art contributions are addressed with useful references. This paper serves as an introduction to the subject for the not-familiarized reader, as well as an update or reference for academics and practicing engineers working in the field of industrial and power electronics.
949 citations
References
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TL;DR: This paper covers the high-power voltage-source inverter and the most used multilevel-inverter topologies, including the neutral-point-clamped, cascaded H-bridge, and flying-capacitor converters.
Abstract: This paper presents a technology review of voltage-source-converter topologies for industrial medium-voltage drives. In this highly active area, different converter topologies and circuits have found their application in the market. This paper covers the high-power voltage-source inverter and the most used multilevel-inverter topologies, including the neutral-point-clamped, cascaded H-bridge, and flying-capacitor converters. This paper presents the operating principle of each topology and a review of the most relevant modulation methods, focused mainly on those used by industry. In addition, the latest advances and future trends of the technology are discussed. It is concluded that the topology and modulation-method selection are closely related to each particular application, leaving a space on the market for all the different solutions, depending on their unique features and limitations like power or voltage level, dynamic performance, reliability, costs, and other technical specifications.
2,254 citations
TL;DR: The state-of-the-art view in the development of this matrix converter is presented, starting with a brief historical review and an important part of the paper is dedicated to a discussion of the most important modulation and control strategies developed recently.
Abstract: The matrix converter is an array of controlled semiconductor switches that connects directly the three-phase source to the three-phase load. This converter has several attractive features that have been investigated in the last two decades. In the last few years, an increase in research work has been observed, bringing this topology closer to the industrial application. This paper presents the state-of-the-art view in the development of this converter, starting with a brief historical review. An important part of the paper is dedicated to a discussion of the most important modulation and control strategies developed recently. Special attention is given to present modern methods developed to solve the commutation problem. Some new arrays of power bidirectional switches integrated in a single module are also presented. Finally, this paper includes some practical issues related to the practical application of this technology, like overvoltage protection, use of filters and ride-through capability.
1,879 citations
Book•
01 Sep 2000
TL;DR: A key aspect of the book is the frequent use of real world design examples drawn directly from the authors' industrial experience, represented by over 15 substantial case studies ranging from distillation columns to satellite tracking.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
A key aspect of the book is the frequent use of real world design examples drawn directly from the authors' industrial experience. These are represented by over 15 substantial case studies ranging from distillation columns to satellite tracking. The book is also liberally supported by modern teaching aids available on both an accompanying CD-ROM and Companion Website. Resources to be found there include MATLAB® routines for all examples; extensive PowerPoint lecture notes based on the book; and a totally unique Java Applet-driven "virtual laboratory" that allows readers to interact with the real-world case studies.
1,701 citations
TL;DR: The results show that the predictive method controls very effectively the load current and performs very well compared with the classical solutions.
Abstract: This paper presents a predictive current control method and its application to a voltage source inverter. The method uses a discrete-time model of the system to predict the future value of the load current for all possible voltage vectors generated by the inverter. The voltage vector which minimizes a quality function is selected. The quality function used in this work evaluates the current error at the next sampling time. The performance of the proposed predictive control method is compared with hysteresis and pulsewidth modulation control. The results show that the predictive method controls very effectively the load current and performs very well compared with the classical solutions
1,387 citations
"Model Predictive Control—A Simple a..." refers background in this paper
...in the presence of parameter variations and measurement noise [32], [61], there is still not enough comparable information to conclude whether FCS-MPC performs better or worse in this...
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01 Aug 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a detailed overview of the switching functions used in power converters, ranging from simple averaging schemes to involved methods of real-time optimization, which can be found in the literature.
Abstract: The efficient and fast control of electric power forms part of the key technologies of modern automated production It is performed using electronic power converters The converters transfer energy from a source to a controlled process in a quantized fashion, using semiconductor switches which are turned on and off at fast repetition rates The algorithms which generate the switching functions-pulsewidth-modulation techniques-are manifold They range from simple averaging schemes to involved methods of real-time optimization This paper gives an overview >
1,041 citations
"Model Predictive Control—A Simple a..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Classic linear controllers, together with modulation schemes and nonlinear controllers based on hysteresis comparators, have been the most widely analyzed and developed control strategies for power converters [2]....
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...Particularly discontinuous SVM has become the standard method for the modulation stage [58]....
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...This reference voltage vector v∗s is then modulated by the converter with PWM or SVM [2]....
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...A favorable characteristic is the fact that the PWM- or SVM-based modulation stage imposes a fixed average switching frequency....
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...However, the step in the α component produces a coupling effect in the β component for the PI with the SVM control algorithm, while in FCS-MPC, this effect does not appear....
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