Modeled Environmental Concentrations of Engineered Nanomaterials (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, CNT, Fullerenes) for Different Regions
Citations
1,787 citations
1,310 citations
1,159 citations
Cites methods or result from "Modeled Environmental Concentration..."
...…in scope (global vs. regional or single country, types of ENMs), our results are qualitatively in line with those found for Switzerland or the EU (Gottschalk et al. 2009; Gottschalk and Nowack 2011), with differences for expected flow to WWTP, WIP, and landfill, which reflect different waste…...
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...Expanding on the previous study, Gottschalk et al. (2009) created a probabilistic model using Monte Carlo and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations to account for the significant variations and uncertainties in the model input parameters....
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1,115 citations
Cites background from "Modeled Environmental Concentration..."
...4 mg kg−1 in sewage sludge (Gottschalk et al., 2009), with predicted exponential yearly increase of Ag NP in most environmental compartments (Gottschalk et al....
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..., 2003), although other countries incinerate such waste (Gottschalk et al., 2009)....
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..., 2009), with predicted exponential yearly increase of Ag NP in most environmental compartments (Gottschalk et al., 2009; Mueller and Nowack, 2008) (Table 3)....
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...Modelled and experimental data (Geranio et al., 2009; Gottschalk et al., 2009; Luoma, 2008; Mueller and Nowack, 2008) suggest that ng L−1 may be present in surface waters and exponential increases are predicted due to the increase usage and consequently discharge levels....
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...1 (Gottschalk et al., 2009)....
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1,102 citations
Cites background or methods from "Modeled Environmental Concentration..."
...For nano-TiO2 in cosmetics, for example, Gottschalk et al. (2010b) used an average of 42 % (with range from 0.3 to 81...
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...However, an analysis of the published data (Gottschalk et al. 2009, 2010a, b; Hendren et al. 2011) with respect to the temporal development reveals no trend for any ENM except for CNT. Figure 3 shows the data for TiO2 and CNT....
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...Gottschalk et al. (2010b), for example, used a mean percentage of nano-Ag use in textiles of 25 % (with a range from 12 to 49 %), the survey results are 30–50 %....
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...A first evaluation of product distribution was attempted as a basis for exposure modeling, based on information of commercially available products (Gottschalk et al. 2009, 2010b; Mueller and Nowack 2008)....
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...The product distributions obtained by the survey agree quite well with the modeled distributions that Mueller and Nowack (2008) and Gottschalk et al. (2009, 2010b) used as basis for first environmental exposure assessments....
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References
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