Modeling, Analysis, and Implementation of High Voltage Low Power Flyback Converter Feeding Resistive Loads
TL;DR: In this article, an analytical energy-based model is derived, which includes the effect of parasitic capacitances, and is valid for steady state and dynamics of HVLP flyback converters feeding resistive loads.
Abstract: In High Voltage flyback converters, the dominant factor that influences a converter operation is the parasitic capacitance. A significant portion of input energy is utilized in charging the parasitic capacitances of the circuit, which is circulated back to the source at the end of every switching cycle. The circulating energy is a function of output voltage, load power, and parasitic capacitances and remains significant in High Voltage Low Power (HVLP) applications. This energy transfer phenomenon involving parasitic capacitances results in a reduced fraction of input energy reaching the load in every cycle, thereby resulting in an apparent deviation in the converter operating point compared to ideal flyback in case of resistive loads. An analytical energy-based model is derived, which includes the effect of parasitic capacitances, and is valid for steady state and dynamics of HVLP flyback converters feeding resistive loads. The influence of parasitic capacitances on the switch voltage of the converter is exploited to achieve Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS), thereby minimizing the turn- on loss. The proposed analytical model is verified through simulation and experimental results on 1.5 kV/ 5 W and 1.5 kV/ 200 mW resistive loads.
Citations
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16 Dec 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, a flyback converter configuration is selected to charge the energy storage capacitor meeting the desired voltage magnitude and charging time constraint, which is used to generate high voltage rectangular pulses of 1000 V magnitude with the desired pulse repetitive rate and pulse width.
Abstract: High voltage pulses of the output power ranging from 5 W to 200 W are employed in food processing systems, water treatment process, electroporation, industrial and medical applications etc. The power converter configuration implemented to generate high voltage pulses is selected depending on the peak power rating requirement. In this work, a flyback converter configuration is selected to charge the energy storage capacitor meeting the desired voltage magnitude and charging time constraint. The energy storage capacitor is charged following peak current mode control with boundary conduction mode. In this proposed work, high voltage rectangular pulses of 1000 V magnitude with the desired pulse repetitive rate and pulse width is designed for various case studies and validated through corresponding simulation results.
2 citations
01 Jun 2018
TL;DR: A modular circuit structure to generate bipolar high voltage pulses from a low voltage battery source using two bidirectional flyback converter modules connected in differential manner to achieve pulses of opposite polarities respectively is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a modular circuit structure to generate bipolar high voltage pulses from a low voltage battery source Smart material based actuators and ion analysers require bipolar high voltage output in the range of ± 1 kV to 3 kV for their effective operation In this paper, two bidirectional flyback converter modules are connected in differential manner to achieve pulses of opposite polarities respectively Dedicated CPLD control cards are designed to govern the operation of individual module Each module operate with a two loop control scheme where inner loop detects Minimum Voltage Point (MVP turn on) and output loop controls the peak charging current The modules operate in a phase shifted manner with control signals communicated between the individual controllers to ensure module level coordination An experimental prototype fed from 12 V input is designed and control scheme is implemented to obtain ± 25 kV bipolar output voltage The experimental results observed are in good concordance with the simulation results
2 citations
Cites background from "Modeling, Analysis, and Implementat..."
...Detailed analysis of charging and discharging behaviour of bidirectional high voltage low power capacitive charging circuit with parasitic capacitances included is presented in [16]–[18]....
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01 Apr 2019
TL;DR: In this article, a new working mode of the high frequency Flyback converter for the highvoltage low power applications, such as atomic clock, ion analysers, high voltage ignition system, vacuum electronic devices etc.
Abstract: This paper proposes a new working mode of the high frequency Flyback converter for the high-voltage low-power applications, such as atomic clock, ion analysers, high voltage ignition system, vacuum electronic devices etc. With the proposed working mode, the main switch of the Flyback converter can achieve Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) without extra auxiliary switch. Due to the advantage of ZVS, the Flyback converter can operate under high frequency and high efficiency conditions. As a result, the volume of the passive components can be reduced and the power density of the converter can be improved. The proposed working mode of high-frequency Flyback converter is validated by simulations and experiments.
1 citations
Cites background from "Modeling, Analysis, and Implementat..."
..., providing a simple and lowcost way to generate the high-voltage for the loads [1, 2]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the design, construction and test process of the electronically triggered module of the three-electrode spark gap for a highvoltage applications, which allows for precise remote triggering of the spark gap using optical fiber.
Abstract: The article describes the design, construction and test process of the electronically triggered module of the three-electrode spark gap for a high-voltage applications. This system allows for precise remote triggering of the spark gap using optical fiber. Very good technical parameters such as small span times and a short self-time allow to use the device in applications where precise synchronization of many high-voltage devices is needed, for example triggering several impact generators at specific time intervals. Streszczenie. W artykule opisano projekt, budowę oraz badania elektronicznego modułu wyzwalania do iskierników trójelektrodowych w zastosowaniach wysokonapięciowych. Układ ten pozwala na precyzyjne zdalne wyzwolenie iskiernika za pomocą światłowodowego układu optycznego. Bardzo dobre parametry techniczne takie jak małe rozrzuty czasu zadziałania oraz krótki czas własny pozwalają na wykorzystanie tego urządzenia w zastosowaniach wszędzie tam gdzie jest potrzebna precyzyjna synchronizacja wielu obiektów wysokonapięciowych lub na przykład wyzwolenie kilku generatorów udarów w określonych odstępach czasu. Elektroniczny moduł wyzwalania do iskierników trójelektrodowych w zastosowaniach wysokonapięciowych
1 citations
Cites methods from "Modeling, Analysis, and Implementat..."
...The size of the air gap in the core and the parameters of the windings were selected in such a way as to obtain as shortest as possible self-time of the HV triggering system [3,4,7]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a flyback based low power high voltage power supply (HVPS) using flyback converter is presented and the simulation results show that the output voltage depends on duty ratio, switching frequency and input supply voltage.
1 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive procedure for calculating all contributions to the self-capacitance of high-voltage transformers and provide a detailed analysis of the problem, based on a physical approach.
Abstract: The calculation of a transformer's parasitics, such as its self capacitance, is fundamental for predicting the frequency behavior of the device, reducing this capacitance value and moreover for more advanced aims of capacitance integration and cancellation. This paper presents a comprehensive procedure for calculating all contributions to the self-capacitance of high-voltage transformers and provides a detailed analysis of the problem, based on a physical approach. The advantages of the analytical formulation of the problem rather than a finite element method analysis are discussed. The approach and formulas presented in this paper can also be used for other wound components rather than just step-up transformers. Finally, analytical and experimental results are presented for three different high-voltage transformer architectures.
255 citations
"Modeling, Analysis, and Implementat..." refers background in this paper
...A comprehensive study on winding capacitance of HV transformers is presented in [7]–[9] and [21]....
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...In high voltage low power (HVLP) flyback converters for the above applications feeding resistive loads, flyback transformers are designed with larger secondary turns and hence, lead to higher self-capacitance of the transformer winding [7]–[9]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe electrical characteristics and drive requirements of low mass piezoelectric actuators, the design and optimization of suitable drive circuit topologies, aspects of the physical instantiation of these topologies including the fabrication of extremely lightweight magnetic components, and a custom, ultra low power integrated circuit that implements control functionality for the drive circuits.
Abstract: Piezoelectric actuators have been used successfully to enable locomotion in aerial and ambulatory microrobotic platforms. However, the use of piezoelectric actuators presents two major challenges for power electronic design: generating high-voltage drive signals in systems typically powered by low-voltage energy sources, and recovering unused energy from the actuators. Due to these challenges, conventional drive circuits become too bulky or inefficient in low mass applications. This work describes electrical characteristics and drive requirements of low mass piezoelectric actuators, the design and optimization of suitable drive circuit topologies, aspects of the physical instantiation of these topologies, including the fabrication of extremely lightweight magnetic components, and a custom, ultra low power integrated circuit that implements control functionality for the drive circuits. The principles and building blocks presented here enable efficient high-voltage drive circuits that can satisfy the stringent weight and power requirements of microrobotic applications.
223 citations
"Modeling, Analysis, and Implementat..." refers background in this paper
...H IGH VOLTAGE (HV) power supply encompass a broad application spectra such as analytical instruments for spectroscopy and electrophoresis, ion mass analyzers, smartmaterial-based actuators, etc [1]–[4]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the series and parallel resonant topologies, as well as a newly discovered hybrid resonance topology are compared for high-voltage applications and it is found that the parallel topology leads to the lowest peak switch current and the most ideal behavior.
Abstract: Because of their tolerance of transformer nonidealities, resonant converters are considered to be well-suited to high-voltage applications. The series and parallel resonant topologies, as well as a newly discovered hybrid resonant topology are compared for high-voltage applications. Design criteria which incorporate transformer nonidealities are developed and used in the construction of high voltage prototypes for each topology. It is found that the parallel topology leads to the lowest peak switch current and the most ideal behavior. >
179 citations
"Modeling, Analysis, and Implementat..." refers background in this paper
...To cater such requirements, numerous topologies each with distinct advantages and disadvantages are proposed in literature [5]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a lookup table-based digital controller is applied to achieve on-line efficiency optimization by programming switching frequencies and operating modes based on the efficiency optimization processes, which is verified by experimental results on a low cost 65 W flyback dc-dc prototype.
Abstract: This paper presents an approach to efficiency optimization in digitally controlled flyback dc-dc converters over wide ranges of operating conditions. Efficiency is characterized and optimized based on power loss modeling and multivariable nonlinear constrained optimization over power-stage and controller parameters. A valley switching technique is adopted to reduce MOSFET turn-on switching loss in discontinuous conduction mode. An optimization procedure is formulated to minimize power loss weighted over a range of operating points, under a cost constraint. A lookup table-based digital controller is applied to achieve on-line efficiency optimization by programming switching frequencies and operating modes based on the efficiency optimization processes. The proposed on-line efficiency optimization approach is verified by experimental results on a low cost 65 W flyback dc-dc prototype.
109 citations
"Modeling, Analysis, and Implementat..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Research on efficiency optimization for HVLP applications reveals that the major loss in converter operation is the switch node capacitance loss [16], [17] and is addressed by variablefrequency Quasi-Resonant (QR) mode of operation, which exploits the converter behavior and turns the active switch ON with zero voltage switching (ZVS turn-ON) [18]....
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...A lookuptable based online efficiency optimization approach of a 65-W flyback converter prototype is presented in [17]....
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15 Oct 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate the possibilities of using piezoelectric transformers (PTs) in the implementation of high-voltage power supplies for ozone generation and propose a new control circuit that allows the ZVS operation.
Abstract: Even though, nowadays, piezoelectric transformers (PTs) are only available with low power rating, there exist several low-power applications of ozone generation in which the use of this novel technology could be advantageous. Hence, the aim of this paper is to evaluate the possibilities of using PTs in the implementation of high-voltage power supplies for ozone generation. First, the possible topologies that can be used to drive the PT are identified. Then, the half-bridge inverter operating under zero-voltage switching (ZVS) is investigated, and the effect of the silent discharge generator (SDG) on the converter operation is analyzed. A new control circuit that allows the ZVS operation is proposed. The control circuit operates in closed loop by measuring the phase between the PT's resonant current and the switching pattern and adjusting the switching frequency to the optimum value to assure ZVS. A laboratory prototype for a 6-W SDG was tested, and obtained experimental results are shown.
73 citations
"Modeling, Analysis, and Implementat..." refers background in this paper
...1–3 kV and is electrically modeled as a resistive load of 375– 700 kΩ [3]....
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