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Journal ArticleDOI

Modeling Guidelines and a Benchmark for Power System Simulation Studies of Three-Phase Single-Stage Photovoltaic Systems

TL;DR: In this paper, the main components, operation/protection modes, and control layers/schemes of medium and high-power PV systems are introduced to assist power engineers in developing circuit-based simulation models for impact assessment studies, analysis, and identification of potential issues with respect to the grid integration of PV systems.
Abstract: This paper presents modeling guidelines and a benchmark system for power system simulation studies of grid-connected, three-phase, single-stage Photovoltaic (PV) systems that employ a voltage-sourced converter (VSC) as the power processor. The objective of this work is to introduce the main components, operation/protection modes, and control layers/schemes of medium- and high-power PV systems, to assist power engineers in developing circuit-based simulation models for impact assessment studies, analysis, and identification of potential issues with respect to the grid integration of PV systems. Parameter selection, control tuning, and design guidelines are also briefly discussed. The usefulness of the benchmark system is demonstrated through a fairly comprehensive set of test cases, conducted in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment. However, the models and techniques presented in this paper are independent of any specific circuit simulation software package. Also, they may not fully conform to the methods exercised by all manufacturers, due to the proprietary nature of the industry.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

[...]

08 Dec 2001-BMJ
TL;DR: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one, which seems an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality. Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

33,785 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extensively review the technical challenges associated with the integration of large-scale PV into the power system and discuss the technical solutions to overcome these challenges, and summarize the research findings about the technical solution to overcome power system stability challenges regarding the large scale PV integration into the transmission and subtransmission or medium voltage distribution system.
Abstract: Global warming is the main driving force behind worldwide interest for the generation of bulk electrical energy from renewable sources. As a consequence of advancements in solar cell fabrication and converter technology, solar PV has emerged as one of the most promising renewable sources for bulk power generation. If the current commissioning rate continues, PV power would lead to the modification of several aspects of power system and could influence the stability of the system. This paper extensively reviews the technical challenges, on particular, the stability issues associated with the integration of large-scale PV into the power system. In addition, the paper also reviews the dynamic model of large-scale PV for stability studies as well as the grid codes for large-scale PV integration into the system. Finally, this paper summarizes the research findings about the technical solutions to overcome the power system stability challenges regarding the large-scale PV integration into the transmission and sub-transmission or medium voltage distribution system.

362 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative investigation of PV effect on system stability at different penetration levels is presented, where three different scenarios with their relevant dynamic models are considered, namely, distributed units, and centralized farms with and without voltage regulation capabilities.
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative investigation of (PV) effect on system stability at different penetration levels. Three different scenarios with their relevant dynamic models are considered, namely, distributed units, and centralized farms with and without voltage regulation capabilities. Based on these models, the impact is examined through eigenvalue, voltage stability and transient stability analyses using real network data pertaining to Ontario and its neighboring systems. This impact is quantized in monetary terms based on the long run marginal cost of electricity production in Ontario. It is demonstrated that distributed solar PV generators are significantly more advantageous, from the stability point of view, than solar farms.

255 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
15 Jun 2013-Energy
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of partial shading on poly-crystalline and mono-crystaline PV modules operation was investigated in a real PV plant, both unshaded and applying shading profiles.

208 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the voltage sensitivity matrix and quasi-static analysis were used to develop a coordinated active power dependent (APD) characteristic for photovoltaic (PV) systems along a feeder.
Abstract: High penetrations of photovoltaic (PV) systems in distribution grids have brought about new challenges such as reverse power flow and voltage rise. One of the proposed remedies for voltage rise is reactive power contribution by PV systems. Recent German Grid Codes (GGC) introduce an active power dependent (APD) standard characteristic curve, ${\rm Q}({\rm P})$ , for inverter-coupled distributed generators. This study utilizes the voltage sensitivity matrix and quasi-static analysis in order to locally and systematically develop a coordinated ${\rm Q}({\rm P})$ characteristic for each PV system along a feeder. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the technical performance of different aspects of proposed ${\rm Q}({\rm P})$ characteristics. In fact, the proposed method is a systematic approach to set parameters in the GGC ${\rm Q}({\rm P})$ characteristic. In the proposed APD method the reactive power is determined based on the local feed-in active power of each PV system. However, the local voltage is also indirectly taken into account. Therefore, this method regulates the voltage in order to keep it under the upper steady-state voltage limit. Moreover, several variants of the proposed method are considered and implemented in a simple grid and a complex utility grid. The results demonstrate the voltage-regulation advantages of the proposed method in contrast to the GGC standard characteristic.

205 citations

References
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Book ChapterDOI

[...]

01 Jan 2012

139,059 citations

Journal ArticleDOI

[...]

08 Dec 2001-BMJ
TL;DR: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one, which seems an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality. Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

33,785 citations

Journal Article

11,116 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an active and passive building heating system for solar thermal power systems, where the active system is designed by f--chart and the passive one by Utilizability Methods.
Abstract: FUNDAMENTALS. Solar Radiation. Available Solar Radiation. Selected Heat Transfer Topics. Radiation Characteristics of Opaque Materials. Radiation Transmission Through Glazing: Absorbed Radiation. Flat--Plate Collectors. Concentrating Collectors. Energy Storage. Solar Process Loads. System Thermal Calculations. Solar Process Economics. APPLICATIONS. Solar Water Heating----Active and Passive. Building Heating----Active. Building Heating: Passive and Hybrid Methods. Cooling. Industrial Process Heat. Solar Thermal Power Systems. Solar Ponds: Evaporative Processes. THERMAL DESIGN METHODS. Simulations in Solar Process Design. Design of Active Systems by f--Chart. Design of Active Systems by Utilizability Methods. Design of Passive and Hybrid Heating Systems. Design of Photovoltaic Systems. Appendices. Author Index. Subject Index.

7,831 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The many different techniques for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic (PV) arrays are discussed in this paper, and at least 19 distinct methods have been introduced in the literature, with many variations on implementation.
Abstract: The many different techniques for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic (PV) arrays are discussed. The techniques are taken from the literature dating back to the earliest methods. It is shown that at least 19 distinct methods have been introduced in the literature, with many variations on implementation. This paper should serve as a convenient reference for future work in PV power generation.

5,022 citations