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Book ChapterDOI

Modelling and Simulation in Orthopedic Biomechanics—Applications and Limitations

01 Jan 2015-pp 131-136
TL;DR: Various approaches, applications and limitations of computational methods used to study the mechanics of human joints are discussed.
Abstract: Modelling and simulation in orthopedic biomechanics involves the use of computational methods to study mechanics of load-bearing structures of the human musculoskeletal system. Such joints as the hip, knee, ankle, elbow and shoulder provide us mobility with stability during various activities. Changes in the internal configurations of a joint due to an abnormality, injury or surgical intervention, can affect the ability of a person to perform common activities. The internal structures, like ligaments, tendons and bones are not readily amenable to direct observation or measurement. Also, certain effects are difficult to analyze using experiment, for example, the influence of surgical techniques on the resulting joint mechanics. Modeling and simulation using computational methods, therefore, provides an opportunity to gain insight into the behavior of the joints and to predict effects due to a variety of internal joint configurations which are otherwise difficult, cost prohibitive, unethical or impossible to implement using the available experimental techniques. However, sensitivity analysis, relevant validation and an understanding of limitations is important in order to have practical significance. This paper discusses various approaches, applications and limitations of computational methods used to study the mechanics of human joints.
Citations
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Book ChapterDOI
10 Jul 2018
TL;DR: A planar mathematical model of the human knee is used for analyzing the mechanics of the joint after replacement with artificial implants using computer programming, motion and force data is generated for a large number of joint positions, which is used to simulate the knee mechanics during flexion/extension.
Abstract: A computer graphics based approach is being developed as an aid for orthopedic surgeons to learn engineering mechanic. As an application of this approach, a planar mathematical model of the human knee is used for analyzing the mechanics of the joint after replacement with artificial implants. Graphic representation is used for the bones, prosthetic components, fibers of ligaments and the lines of various forces. Using computer programming, motion and force data is generated for a large number of joint positions, which is then utilized to simulate the knee mechanics during flexion/extension. The simulations show very clearly during motion the bones relocating in relation to each other, different fibers of the ligaments becoming straight or slack and the muscle and ligament forces changing their direction and position. The simulations can also be used for analyzing the effects on joint mechanics of changing the implant design or of surgical errors.

6 citations

Book ChapterDOI
16 Jul 2019
TL;DR: A computer-based model of the knee with intact ligaments and anatomical articular surfaces was used to visualize contributions of different fiber bundles in the ligament with distinct areas of attachment on the femoral bone that are searched for appropriate positions of femoral tunnel during single or double bundle ligament reconstruction.
Abstract: Injuries of anterior cruciate ligament of the knee are common, particularly in young athletes. Though surgical reconstruction of the ligament attempts to restore the joint function, a significant percentage of the patients report unsatisfactory outcome and joint complications that may require repeated surgery. The present study used a computer-based model of the knee with intact ligaments and anatomical articular surfaces to visualize contributions of different fiber bundles in the ligament with distinct areas of attachment on the femoral bone that are searched for appropriate positions of femoral tunnel during single or double bundle ligament reconstruction. Knee motion during flexion and an anterior drawer test at different joint positions were simulated in the sagittal plane. The model analysis showed that the ligament fibers attached anteriorly on the femoral bone contributed significantly throughout the knee motion and resisted anterior loads on the tibia at all flexion positions, while the fibers attached posteriorly on the femoral bone contributed during 0–45° and above 90° flexion. The results agreed with experimental observations and have clinical relevance.

4 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of the knee is used to simulate a knee laxity test used to judge ligament integrity and the analysis suggests that knee ligaments may be predisposed to injury during specific situations like playing football.
Abstract: Human joints are complex in structure and function that allow us a variety of activities with safe mobility and stability. However, the joints are prone to injuries that can affect life severely. Computer-based methods can be useful tools to understand the behaviour of the joints. Computational complexities in modelling and simulation can be overcome, to some extent, using input from related experimental work. Computational approach of modelling and simulation is useful in many areas including analysis of various activities, mechanisms of injuries during specific sports, designing of safe exercises, understanding effects of surgical procedures, etc. In the present study, a model of the knee is used to simulate a knee laxity test used to judge ligament integrity. Results of simulation are comparable to that of similar experiments on cadaver knees. For example, lower bone of the model knee moved 3.4, 6.1 and 5.3 mm anterior to the upper bone, respectively, at 0°, 45° and 90° flexion of the joint resulting from an external 150 N force on the lower bone. These movements were similar to those from experiment. Further, the model calculations suggest that effectiveness of the external force in translating the bone diminished with increasing force magnitude. The analysis suggests that knee ligaments may be predisposed to injury during specific situations like playing football. The results have clinical relevance.

2 citations

Book ChapterDOI
16 Jul 2020
TL;DR: Artificial human knee with partial prosthetic replacement was modelled in the sagittal plane in order to analyze the role of anterior cruciate ligament in an unconstrained artificial knee and helped in visual analysis and in gaining insight into the joint behavior with clinical relevance.
Abstract: Artificial human knee with partial prosthetic replacement was modelled in the sagittal plane in order to analyze the role of anterior cruciate ligament in an unconstrained artificial knee. The cruciate and collateral ligaments were modelled as non-linear elastic fibers that stretched and resisted relative movements of the bone. Role of fibers in the anterior and posterior fibers of the anterior cruciate ligament was analyzed during simulated tests similar to those used in clinical practice. Anterior half of the ligament was found to resist forces for all simulated flexion positions of the joint. The posterior half resisted forces in low and in high flexion positions and remained unstitched during for nearly 30–90° flexion. The model calculations agreed with experimental observations on cadaver knees reported in the literature. A graphical interface facilitated visual analysis of the joint while the ligament fibers stretched sequentially developing forces and unstretched becoming slack as the joint flexed or the femoral and tibial bones with prosthetic parts moved relative to each other. The cruciate ligaments controlled the joint kinematics after replacement. The model analysis helps in visual analysis and in gaining insight into the joint behavior with clinical relevance.
References
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Journal Article
TL;DR: All lines of action and moment arms of the structures of interest were determined as a function of knee joint angles and were expressed using polynomial regression equations to allow easy application of the findings to musculoskeletal models of the human knee joint.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to obtain lines of action and moment arms in the sagittal plane of the major force-carrying structures crossing the knee joint. The muscles and ligaments studied were the quadriceps, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles and the anterior and posterior cruciate and medial and lateral collateral ligaments. All lines of action and moment arms of the structures of interest were determined as a function of knee joint angles and were expressed using polynomial regression equations. This representation of the results allows for easy application of the findings to musculoskeletal models of the human knee joint.

370 citations


"Modelling and Simulation in Orthope..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...For these calculations, anatomical parameters as well as orientations and moment arms of patellar tendon were taken from experimental measurements on cadaver knees [1, 8]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1989
TL;DR: A geometric simulation of the tibio-femoral joint in the sagittal plane is developed which illustrates the central role played by the cruciate ligaments in the kinematics of the knee and which can be used for the analysis of ligament and contact forces.
Abstract: A geometric model of the tibio-femoral joint in the sagittal plane has been developed which demonstrates the relationship between the geometry of the cruciate ligaments and the geometry of the articular surfaces The cruciate ligaments are represented as two inextensible fibres which, with the femur and the tibia, are analysed as a crossed four-bar linkage The directions of the ligaments at each position of flexion are calculated The instant centre, where the flexion axis crosses the parasagittal plane through the joint, lies at the intersection of the cruciates It moves relative to each of the bones during flexion and extension The successive positions of the flexion axis relative to a fixed femur and to a fixed tibia are deduced The shapes of articular surfaces which would allow the bones to flex and extend while maintaining the ligaments each at constant length are calculated and are found to agree closely with the shapes of the natural articular surfaces The calculated movements of the contact point between the femur and the tibia during flexion also agree well with measurements made on cadaver specimens The outcome is a geometric simulation of the tibio-femoral joint in the sagittal plane which illustrates the central role played by the cruciate ligaments in the kinematics of the knee and which can be used for the analysis of ligament and contact forces

161 citations


"Modelling and Simulation in Orthope..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The joint mechanics during specific activities is simulated using theoretical or empirical approach [2–9]....

    [...]

  • ...For these calculations, anatomical parameters as well as orientations and moment arms of patellar tendon were taken from experimental measurements on cadaver knees [1, 8]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An update on the developments of the Delft Shoulder and Elbow Model over the last decade including a qualitative validation of the different simulation architectures available in the DSEM is presented.
Abstract: The Delft Shoulder and Elbow Model (DSEM), a musculoskeletal model of the shoulder and elbow has been extensively developed since its introduction in 1994. Extensions cover both model structures and anatomical data focusing on the addition of an elbow part and muscle architecture parameters. The model was also extended with a new inverse-dynamics optimization cost function and combined inverse-forward-dynamics models. This study is an update on the developments of the model over the last decade including a qualitative validation of the different simulation architectures available in the DSEM. To validate the model, a dynamic forward flexion motion was performed by one subject, of which the motion data and surface EMG-signals of 12 superficial muscles were measured. Patterns of the model-predicted relative muscle forces were compared with their normalized EMG-signals. Results showed relatively good agreement between forces and EMG (mean correlation coefficient of 0.66). However, for some cases, no force was predicted while EMG activity had been measured (false-negatives). The DSEM has been used and has the potential to be used in a variety of clinical and biomechanical applications.

113 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: The Delft Shoulder and Elbow Model (DSEM) as discussed by the authors is a musculoskeletal model of the shoulder and elbow that has been extensively developed since its introduction in 1994.
Abstract: The Delft Shoulder and Elbow Model (DSEM), a musculoskeletal model of the shoulder and elbow has been extensively developed since its introduction in 1994. Extensions cover both model structures and anatomical data focusing on the addition of an elbow part and muscle architecture parameters. The model was also extended with a new inverse-dynamics optimization cost function and combined inverse-forward-dynamics models. This study is an update on the developments of the model over the last decade including a qualitative validation of the different simulation architectures available in the DSEM. To validate the model, a dynamic forward flexion motion was performed by one subject, of which the motion data and surface EMG-signals of 12 superficial muscles were measured. Patterns of the model-predicted relative muscle forces were compared with their normalized EMG-signals. Results showed relatively good agreement between forces and EMG (mean correlation coefficient of 0.66). However, for some cases, no force was predicted while EMG activity had been measured (false-negatives). The DSEM has been used and has the potential to be used in a variety of clinical and biomechanical applications.

102 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings of this study provide some evidence supporting the use of gait modification to reduce anterior hip force when treating people with anterior hip pain.

82 citations


"Modelling and Simulation in Orthope..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The joint mechanics during specific activities is simulated using theoretical or empirical approach [2–9]....

    [...]