Models of energy sources for EV and HEV: fuel cells, batteries, ultracapacitors, flywheels and engine-generators
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of simulation models of energy sources for battery, hybrid, fuel cell and internal combustion vehicles and compare different drive train topologies for energy consumption and emissions as well as for performances.
About: This article is published in Journal of Power Sources.The article was published on 2004-03-29. It has received 261 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Hybrid drive & Energy source.
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TL;DR: The state of the art for electric, hybrid, and fuel-cell vehicles is reviewed, with a focus on architectures and modeling for energy management.
Abstract: With the advent of more stringent regulations related to emissions, fuel economy, and global warming, as well as energy resource constraints, electric, hybrid, and fuel-cell vehicles have attracted increasing attention from vehicle constructors, governments, and consumers. Research and development efforts have focused on developing advanced powertrains and efficient energy systems. This paper reviews the state of the art for electric, hybrid, and fuel-cell vehicles, with a focus on architectures and modeling for energy management. Although classic modeling approaches have often been used, new systemic approaches that allow better understanding of the interaction between the numerous subsystems have recently been introduced.
678 citations
Cites methods from "Models of energy sources for EV and..."
...Depending on the objective of the study, different methods can be used to model BEVs, HEVs, and FCVs: component design [31], [32], topology analysis [33]–[36], energy or pollution assessment [37], [38], or energy management [26], [39]–[44]....
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TL;DR: A comprehensive survey of hybrid electric vehicle on their source combination, models, energy management system (EMS) etc. developed by various researchers is presented in this paper, where various types models and algorithms derived from simulation and experiment are explained in details.
Abstract: There are numbers of alternative energy resources being studied for hybrid vehicles as preparation to replace the exhausted supply of petroleum worldwide. The use of fossil fuel in the vehicles is a rising concern due to its harmful environmental effects. Among other sources battery, fuel cell (FC), super capacitors (SC) and photovoltaic cell i.e. solar are studied for vehicle application. Combinations of these sources of renewable energies can be applied for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) for next generation of transportation. Various aspects and techniques of HEV from energy management system (EMS), power conditioning and propulsion system are explored in this paper. Other related fields of HEV such as DC machine and vehicle system are also included. Various type models and algorithms derived from simulation and experiment are explained in details. The performances of the various combination of HEV system are summarized in the table along with relevant references. This paper provides comprehensive survey of hybrid electric vehicle on their source combination, models, energy management system (EMS) etc. developed by various researchers. From the rigorous review, it is observed that the existing technologies more or less can capable to perform HEV well; however, the reliability and the intelligent systems are still not up to the mark. Accordingly, this review have been lighted many factors, challenges and problems sustainable next generation hybrid vehicle.
522 citations
TL;DR: It is illustrated that comparisons between the different motors are difficult by the large number of parameters and the lack of a recommended test scheme, so it is proposed that a standardized drive cycle be used to test and compare motors.
Abstract: This paper presents a critical review of the drivelines in all-electric vehicles (EVs). The motor topologies that are the best candidates to be used in EVs are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of each electric motor type are discussed from a system perspective. A survey of the electric motors used in commercial EVs is presented. The survey shows that car manufacturers are very conservative when it comes to introducing new technologies. Most of the EVs on the market mount a single induction or permanent-magnet (PM) motor with a traditional mechanic driveline with a differential. This paper illustrates that comparisons between the different motors are difficult by the large number of parameters and the lack of a recommended test scheme. The authors propose that a standardized drive cycle be used to test and compare motors.
506 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the recent works devoted to the application of various battery/supercapacitor hybrid systems in EVs and present a review of these works from an electrical engineering point of view.
440 citations
TL;DR: This paper compares the near-optimal configurations for three topologies of vehicles: fuel-cell-battery, fuel- cell-ultracapacitor, and fuel- Cell-batteries-ULTracAPacitor to improve performance, fuel economy, and powertrain cost.
Abstract: Although many researchers have investigated the use of different powertrain topologies, component sizes, and control strategies in fuel-cell vehicles, a detailed parametric study of the vehicle types must be conducted before a fair comparison of fuel-cell vehicle types can be performed. This paper compares the near-optimal configurations for three topologies of vehicles: fuel-cell-battery, fuel-cell-ultracapacitor, and fuel-cell-battery-ultracapacitor. The objective function includes performance, fuel economy, and powertrain cost. The vehicle models, including detailed dc/dc converter models, are programmed in Matlab/Simulink for the customized parametric study. A controller variable for each vehicle type is varied in the optimization.
348 citations
Cites methods from "Models of energy sources for EV and..."
...The battery model used in this paper is based on A123 Systems’ new high-power lithiumion ANR26650MI cell [18], which shows high power density, high efficiency, and low cost as compared to batteries used in previous vehicle studies [9], [14], [25]....
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References
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TL;DR: The Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) as mentioned in this paper is a MATLAB/Simulink environment for advanced vehicle modeling and is used to quantify the fuel economy, the performance, and the emissions of vehicles that use alternative technologies including fuel cells, batteries, electric motors, and internal combustion engines in hybrid (i.e. multiple power sources) configurations.
795 citations
TL;DR: ADVISOR 2.1 as mentioned in this paper is the latest version of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's advanced vehicle simulator, which is designed to be accurate, fast, flexible, easily sharable, and easy to use.
Abstract: ADVISOR 2.1 is the latest version of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's advanced vehicle simulator. It was first developed in 1994 to support the US Department of Energy hybrid propulsion system program and is designed to be accurate, fast, flexible, easily sharable, and easy to use. This paper presents the model, focusing on its combination of forward- and backward-facing simulation approaches, and evaluates the model in terms of its design goals. ADVISOR predicts acceleration time to within 0.7% and energy use on the demanding US06 to within 0.6% for an underpowered series hybrid vehicle (0-100 km/h in 20 s). ADVISOR simulates vehicle performance on standard driving cycles between 2.6 and 8.0 times faster than a representative forward-facing vehicle model. Due in large part to ADVISOR's powerful graphical user interface and Web presence, over 800 users have downloaded ADVISOR from 45 different countries. Many of these users have contributed their own component data to the ADVISOR library.
714 citations
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: The influence on vehicle emissions and energy consumption of different vehicle parameters and driving style as well as of traffic measures taken in order to increase transport safety or to reduce traffic jams are described to allow the Flemish Regional Government to perform more realistic modelling of the impact of transport on air pollution.
Abstract: This paper describes the influence on vehicle emissions and energy consumption of different vehicle parameters and driving style as well as of traffic measures taken in order to increase transport safety or to reduce traffic jams. This should allow the Flemish Regional Government to perform more realistic modelling of the impact of transport on air pollution. The methodology is based on on-road measurements, roll-bench emission tests, vehicle simulations and regional emission modelling (for the Flemish Region, which encompasses the northern part of Belgium and is one of three entities that constitute the Federal Kingdom of Belgium). A vehicle simulation programme (VSP) has assisted in the assessment of the individual vehicle parameters (weight, gear shifts, tyre pressure, etc.). Different drive styles (sportive, EcoDriving, etc.) were measured on-road and evaluated on a roll-bench. Typical speed profiles corresponding to different traffic measures such as roundabouts, phased traffic lights, etc., were also recorded at different locations in the Flemish Region. All data were distilled into small driving cycles, representative of a certain traffic situation or driving style, and repeated on a roll-bench to measure the emissions in controlled circumstances. Technical solutions as well as educational programmes are proposed as possible measures to reduce the influence of driving style on emissions and fuel consumption. Finally, the results indicate how the emission calculations performed by the Flemish government can be improved.
263 citations
01 Jul 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive methodology has been developed to compare the environmental damage caused by vehicles with different alternative fuels, such as CNG, LPG, etc., and drivetrains such as electric and hybrid drives.
Abstract: A comprehensive methodology has been developed to compare the environmental damage caused by vehicles with different alternative fuels, such as CNG, LPG, etc., and drivetrains, such as electric and hybrid drives. This paper describes how the environmental effect of vehicles should be defined and includes parameters concerning vehicle emissions and their influence on human wellbeing and the environment. It then describes how the environmental effect of vehicles could be defined, taking into account the availability of accurate and reliable data. Rating systems are analysed as a means of comparing the environmental effect of vehicles, allowing decision-makers to dedicate their financial and non-financial policies and measures as a function of the ecological damage. Different types of pollution (acid rain, photochemical air pollution, noise pollution, etc.) and their effect on numerous receptors such as ecosystems, buildings and human beings (e.g. cancer, respiratory diseases, etc.) and global warmin...
46 citations
DOI•
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review as discussed by the authors, while a published version is the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
Abstract: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
38 citations