Modern methods of plant analysis
01 Jan 1964-
About: The article was published on 1964-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 1991 citations till now.
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TL;DR: Tissue sodium uptake was determined for all the treated plants and was found to have increased to a significant level when compared to the untreated plants, in which the levels of some minerals increased.
Abstract: In order to meet the ever increasing demand for medicinal plants, for the indigenous systems of medicine as well as for the pharmaceutical industry, some medicinal plants need to be cultivated commercially, but the soil salinity, which is prevalent in many parts of the world, pose serious threat to plant production. So it seems valuable, to test the important medicinal plants for their salt tolerance capacity. In the present investigation, experiments were conducted to study the effects of soil salinity on growth and mineral nutrients in Catharanthus roseus plants under pot culture. The plants were treated with different concentrations of NaCl, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM on 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after sowing (DAS). Salinity affected all the morphological parameters and decreased the growth performance. The mineral contents (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, manganese and zinc) were analysed from treated as well as the control plants. All the treatments altered the mineral contents when compared to the untreated control plants but a significant change was found in 50 mM NaCl concentration, in which the levels of some minerals increased. Tissue sodium uptake was determined for all the treated plants and was found to have increased to a significant level when compared to the untreated plants.
27 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that treatment of moist-chilling for 6 weeks or 4 weeks followed by 500 ppm GA3 is recommended for promoting the germination process of Ferula ovina seeds and improving growth characteristics of the subsequent seedlings.
Abstract: The germination of Ferula ovina seeds faces certain problems. The present research was designed to study the promotion of the germination of Ferula ovina seeds by moist-chilling and GA3 applications. The results showed that Ferula ovina seeds display an endogenous dormancy that can be released by moist-chilling treatment for a certain period. In this respect, the best treatment was moist-chilling for 6 weeks at 5 ± 1 °C or for 4 weeks of moist-chilling followed by soaking in 500 ppm GA3 solution for 24 h. These treatments significantly increased germination percentage and decreased time to 50% germination (T50) compared to control. Also, the characteristics of the obtained seedlings were much better than those of control. Moreover, the 6-week moist-chilled seeds contained the highest soluble protein concentration. The combination between GA3 and moist-chilling treatments produced different effects on seed germination, soluble protein depending on the length of the moist-chilling period. GA3 application on un-chilled seeds improves the germination process. The concentration of soluble inorganic phosphorus of the tested seeds was negative (r = 0.88, p<0.05) while, the concentration of soluble organic phosphorus positively (r = 0.93, P<0.05) correlated with the germination percentage. It was concluded that treatment of moist-chilling for 6 weeks or 4 weeks followed by 500 ppm GA3 is recommended for promoting the germination process of Ferula ovina seeds and improving growth characteristics of the subsequent seedlings.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated and developed rapid procedures for measuring glycosidically bound volatiles using direct acid or enzyme hydrolysis of fruit tissues or wine followed by analysis of the free volaticles by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry.
Abstract: Background and Aims: Many aroma compounds occur as glycosidically bound precursors that do not contribute to fruit/beverage aroma until aglycone release during processing or storage. Existing procedures typically measure glycosidically bound compounds after first isolating the glyocoside fraction. The objectives of this work were to evaluate and develop rapid procedures for measuring glycosidically bound volatiles using direct acid or enzyme hydrolysis of fruit tissues or wine followed by analysis of the free volatiles by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Methods and Results: Using a mixture containing free (linalool, ethyl decanoate, β-ionone) and glycosidically bound standards (n-octyl-, n-dodecyl-, phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside), acid hydrolysis released 20‐60% of the bound volatiles; significant degradation ( >50%) of free volatiles occurred. Enzyme hydrolysis efficiently released glycosidically bound compounds (90‐100%) while minimising artefactual changes of the free volatiles and further rearrangements of the aglycones. We also compared direct enzyme hydrolysis with hydrolysis of a glycoside fraction obtained by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Different SPE columns were not equally effective at retaining glycosides; no column type was effective for all glycosides. Conclusions: Direct hydrolysis of grape and wine samples (and comparison of volatiles before and after hydrolysis) is a useful approach for measuring ‘aroma potential’ compared with prior SPE isolation of the glycosides. Significance of the Study: The method described here provides a rapid tool for characterising changes in glycosidically bound volatiles before and after processing (e.g. winemaking) and as a result of varying fruit maturity and/or other agricultural practices.
27 citations
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: The ability to produce cyanide or cyanogenesis has long been recognized in plants and at least 2650 species, from more than 550 genera, and 130 families possess the ability to make cyanogenic glycosides.
Abstract: The ability to produce cyanide or cyanogenesis has long been recognized in plants. At least 2650 species, from more than 550 genera, and 130 families possess the ability to make cyanogenic glycosides (Hegnauer, 1986; Seigler, 1991). Most reports of cyanogenesis are based on two simple, but reasonably specific, color tests—the Guignard (alkaline picric acid) and the Feigl-Anger methods (Feigl and Anger, 1966; Seigler, 1991; Tantisewie et al., 1969).
27 citations
TL;DR: These results confirm the homogeneity of plant uricases and demonstrate that fungal obligate parasites have their own uricase, which is similar to the plant enzyme in many molecular and kinetic properties but different in DEAE-cellulose binding characteristics and immunological properties.
27 citations
References
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01 Jan 1963
TL;DR: In this article, a physiologischer Vorgang auf eine enzymatische Wirkung zuruckgefuhrt werden (vgl. S. 301), besteht die folgende Aufgabe darin, Naheres uber die Eigenschaften des beteiligten Enzyms zu ermitteln.
Abstract: Kann ein physiologischer Vorgang auf eine enzymatische Wirkung zuruckgefuhrt werden (vgl. S. 301), so besteht die folgende Aufgabe darin, Naheres uber die Eigenschaften des beteiligten Enzyms zu ermitteln. Hierzu gehoren die Bestimmung der Reaktions- und Substratspezifitat sowie die Ermittlung der Bedingungen, unter denen eine optimale Wirkung des Enzyms gegeben ist. Wesentlich zur Charakterisierung ist ferner die Untersuchung der Stabilitat des Enzyms und dabei insbesondere die Feststellung, ob es sich um ein Ferment handelt, das zur vollen Aktivitat dialysable Cofaktoren benotigt. Falls diese Frage bejaht wird, ist auch die Bestimmung der unerlaslichen Cofaktoren anzuschliesen. Uberdies bietet auch der Nachweis der Lokalisation des Enzyms in der Zelle (oder im Zellverband) eine entscheidende Moglichkeit zur Charakterisierung des Fermentes. Hinzu kommt schlieslich noch die Untersuchung der Wirkung einzelner Inhibitoren1 auf das Enzym, die zu weitgehender Klarung des Reaktionsmechanismus beitragen kann und eine Abgrenzung der Eigenschaften des untersuchten Fermentes gegenuber ahnlichen Enzymen erlaubt.
2 citations
01 Jan 1962
TL;DR: Optical rotation has been found to be one of the most convenient methods of following the denaturation of proteins and rotatory dispersion is capable of providing information on the folding of the polypeptide chain in proteins and the changes accompanying denaturation.
Abstract: Optical rotation has been found to be one of the most convenient methods of following the denaturation of proteins. Generally speaking denaturation can be defined as a process or sequence of processes in which the spatial arrangement of the polypeptide chains within the molecule is changed from that typical of the native protein to a more disordered arrangement (Kauzmann 1959). The terms “configuration”, “conformation” and “state of folding” are widely used for spatial arrangement. It is probably best to follow the suggestion of Blout (1960) and restrict the use of “configuration” to its original sense, i.e. the spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon atom, and to use “conformation” for the shape of the molecule in its entirety. The properties discussed in the previous Chapter i.e., viscosity, diffusion, sedimentation, and light scattering — can all furnish information on the overall shape of proteins or other macromolecules and changes in this shape with environment. Thus Doty, Bradbury and Holtzer (1956) were able to show using these methods, together with streaming birefringence, that poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate could exist in two conformations, the α-helix and the solvated randomly coiled form, depending on the solvent. The change from α-helix to random coil was accompanied by marked changes in the optical rotatory properties of the polypeptides. It is to be expected that an α-helical structure should contribute to the rotatory power of a polypeptide since helices are asymmetric and not superimposable on their mirror images. The work on polypeptides has shown that rotatory dispersion is capable of providing information on the folding of the polypeptide chain in proteins and the changes accompanying denaturation.
1 citations