Modification of the surface chemistry of activated carbons
TL;DR: In this paper, a deconvolution method is proposed to analyze the TPD spectra, allowing for the quantitative determination of the amount of each functional group on the surface. But the deconvolutions are not suitable for the analysis of a large number of functional groups.
About: This article is published in Carbon.The article was published on 1999-01-01. It has received 2674 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Activated carbon.
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TL;DR: The methods for the determination of various types of oxygen surface functions on carbon materials are briefly described, and their relative advantages and problems that may arise are discussed in this paper, where acidimetric titration techniques, IR spectroscopy, XPS, thermal desorption spectroscopic, and electrokinetic measurements are described.
1,702 citations
TL;DR: Adsorption technologies are a low-cost alternative, easily used in developing countries where there is a dearth of advanced technologies, skilled personnel, and available capital, and adsorption appears to be the most broadly feasible pharmaceutical removal method.
Abstract: In the last few decades, pharmaceuticals, credited with saving millions of lives, have emerged as a new class of environmental contaminant. These compounds can have both chronic and acute harmful effects on natural flora and fauna. The presence of pharmaceutical contaminants in ground waters, surface waters (lakes, rivers, and streams), sea water, wastewater treatment plants (influents and effluents), soils, and sludges has been well doccumented. A range of methods including oxidation, photolysis, UV-degradation, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and adsorption has been used for their remediation from aqueous systems. Many methods have been commercially limited by toxic sludge generation, incomplete removal, high capital and operating costs, and the need for skilled operating and maintenance personnel. Adsorption technologies are a low-cost alternative, easily used in developing countries where there is a dearth of advanced technologies, skilled personnel, and available capital, and adsorption appears to be the most broadly feasible pharmaceutical removal method. Adsorption remediation methods are easily integrated with wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Herein, we have reviewed the literature (1990-2018) illustrating the rising environmental pharmaceutical contamination concerns as well as remediation efforts emphasizing adsorption.
1,170 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a fishbone type carbon nanofiber (CNF) is functionalized by different chemical and thermal treatments, and characterized by TPD, FT-IR and XPS.
920 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "Modification of the surface chemist..."
...position of phenolic or ether groups [25,29]....
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...General trends are that (a) a CO2 peak results from carboxylic acids at low temperatures, or lactones at high temperatures; (b) carboxylic anhydrides simultaneously generate a peak for CO and a peak for CO2; (c) phenols, ethers and carbonyls generate a CO peak [3,6,29–31]....
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...[29]....
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...A CO peak around 680 C (Peak 4 in this work) was sometimes assigned to phenol groups [29], which is in disagreement with Ref....
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...Other studies in the literature [21,29,30] reported on a similar phenomenon that both the amount and the distribution of surface oxygen complexes changed upon oxidation at different temperatures....
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TL;DR: This review discusses recent research developments of VOC adsorption onto a variety of engineered carbonaceous adsorbents, including activated carbon, biochar, activated carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, graphene and its derivatives, carbon-silica composites, ordered mesoporous carbon, etc.
915 citations
TL;DR: The influence of surface modification of activated carbon with gaseous ammonia on adsorption properties toward carbon dioxide (CO2) was reviewed in this paper, where two different methods, heat treatment and ammonia treatment (amination) for producing activated carbon had been compared and amination was found to be suitable modification technique for obtaining efficient CO2 adsorbents.
853 citations
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Book•
22 Oct 1991
TL;DR: The -NH2, -NHR, and -NR2 groups as discussed by the authors are the most commonly used groups for double bonds containing Nitrogen Atoms, and the -C=N and -N=C groups.
Abstract: Alkanes. Halocompounds. Alcohols and Phenols. Ethers and Peroxides. Alkenes. Acetylenes. The -C=N and -N=C Groups. Compounds Containing the Carbonyl Group. Compounds Containing -NH2, -NHR, and -NR2 Groups. The Nitro Group. Double Bonds Containing Nitrogen Atoms. Cumulated Double Bonds. Organic Sulfur Compounds. Organosilicon Compounds. Organophosphorous Compounds. Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Rings. Selected Infrared and Raman Spectra. Appendices. Index.
3,927 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other activated carbons is given, focusing on surface oxides with emphasis on the chemical methods used in the assessment and identification of surface functional groups.
2,705 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the increasing importance of carbon materials in catalytic processes is analyzed in terms of the most important characteristics of these materials when acting as catalysts or catalyst supports, such as surface area, porosity, chemical inertness and oxygen surface groups.
1,620 citations
TL;DR: The physicochemical properties and the surface chemical structure of the carbon materials obtained by the modification of the commercial activated carbon D43/1 (Carbo-Tech, Essen, Germany) were studied in this article.
1,342 citations