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Journal ArticleDOI

Modified antipodal Vivaldi antenna for ultra-wideband communications

01 Mar 2016-Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation (The Institution of Engineering and Technology)-Vol. 10, Iss: 4, pp 401-405
TL;DR: In this article, a modified antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA) with low cross-polarisation is proposed for ultra-wideband communications, where the bandwidth offered by conventional single petal AVA is enhanced by adding another petal.
Abstract: In this study, a modified antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA) with low cross-polarisation is proposed for ultra-wideband communications. The bandwidth offered by conventional single petal AVA is enhanced by adding another petal. This dual petal antenna occupies a small volume of 60 × 60 × 0.8 mm 3 and provides operating bandwidth from 2.4 GHz to frequencies >14 GHz. The proposed antenna configuration provides low cross-polarisation level which is 5 dB and an average group delay variation of 0.5 ns. The prototype antenna is fabricated and tested to validate the simulation results.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new, portable, and low-cost microwave imaging (MWI) system using an iterative enhancing technique for breast imaging that has been able to perform the detection of tumorous cells in breast phantom that can pave the way to saving lives.
Abstract: Globally, breast cancer is a major reason for female mortality. Due to the limitations of current clinical imaging, the researchers are encouraged to explore alternative and complementary tools to available techniques to detect the breast tumor in an earlier stage. This article outlines a new, portable, and low-cost microwave imaging (MWI) system using an iterative enhancing technique for breast imaging. A compact side slotted tapered slot antenna is designed for microwave imaging. The radiating fins of tapered slot antenna are modified by etching nine rectangular side slots. The irregular slots on the radiating fins enhance the electrical length as well as produce strong directive radiation due to the suppression of induced surface currents that radiate vertically at the outer edges of the radiating arms with end-fire direction. It has remarkable effects on efficiency and gain. With the addition of slots, the side-lobe levels are reduced, the gain of the main-lobe is increased and corrects the squint effects simultaneously, thus improving the characteristics of the radiation. For experimental validation, a heterogeneous breast phantom was developed that contains dielectric properties identical to real breast tissues with the inclusion of tumors. An alternative PC controlled and microcontroller-based mechanical MWI system is designed and developed to collect the antenna scattering signal. The radiated backscattered signals from the targeted area of the human body are analyzed to reveal the changes in dielectric properties in tissues. The dielectric constants of tumorous cells are higher than that of normal tissues due to their higher water content. The remarkable deviation of the scattered field is processed by using newly proposed Iteratively Corrected Delay and Sum (IC-DAS) algorithm and the reconstruction of the image of the phantom interior is done. The developed UWB (Ultra-Wideband) antenna based MWI has been able to perform the detection of tumorous cells in breast phantom that can pave the way to saving lives.

111 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
05 Sep 2018-Sensors
TL;DR: The tumor response was investigated by analyzing the backscattering signals and successful image construction proves that the proposed microwave antenna sensor can be a suitable candidate for a high-resolution microwave breast imaging system.
Abstract: Microwave breast imaging has been reported as having the most potential to become an alternative or additional tool to the existing X-ray mammography technique for detecting breast tumors Microwave antenna sensor performance plays a significant role in microwave imaging system applications because the image quality is mostly affected by the microwave antenna sensor array properties like the number of antenna sensors in the array and the size of the antenna sensors In this paper, a new system for successful early detection of a breast tumor using a balanced slotted antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (BSAVA) sensor is presented The designed antenna sensor has an overall dimension of 0401λ × 0401λ × 0016λ at the first resonant frequency and operates between 301 to 11 GHz under 10 dB The radiating fins are modified by etching three slots on both fins which increases the operating bandwidth, directionality of radiation pattern, gain and efficiency The antenna sensor performance of both the frequency domain and time domain scenarios and high-fidelity factor with NFD is also investigated The antenna sensor can send and receive short electromagnetic pulses in the near field with low loss, little distortion and highly directionality A realistic homogenous breast phantom is fabricated, and a breast phantom measurement system is developed where a two antennas sensor is placed on the breast model rotated by a mechanical scanner The tumor response was investigated by analyzing the backscattering signals and successful image construction proves that the proposed microwave antenna sensor can be a suitable candidate for a high-resolution microwave breast imaging system

48 citations


Cites methods from "Modified antipodal Vivaldi antenna ..."

  • ...The cutoff frequency of the proposed prototype is estimated by the equation reported in [38]:...

    [...]

  • ...The cutoff frequency of the proposed prototype is estimated by the equation reported in [38]: fr = c [ w′ √ (εr) ] (3)...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an ultra-wideband elliptically tapered antipodal Vivaldi antenna designed for civil engineering applications is presented, which is based on design of a conventional antenna which impedance bandwidth is limited at low end of frequency band and the inner edges of top and bottom radiators of the CAVA have been properly bent.
Abstract: An ultra-wideband elliptically tapered antipodal Vivaldi antenna designed for civil engineering applications is presented. It is based on design of a conventional antipodal Vivaldi antenna (CAVA) which impedance bandwidth is limited at low end of frequency band. To extend impedance bandwidth, inner edges of top and bottom radiators of the CAVA have been properly bent; however, its gain and front-to-back (F-to-B) ratio is low at the low frequencies. To enhance gain and F-to-B ratio, the comb-shaped slits on edges of the radiators of CAVA are applied. The obtained results exhibit the impedance bandwidth of 1.65-18 GHz, gain of 6.7 dB at 1.65 GHz, and F-to-B ratio of 42 dB at 13.5 GHz that are higher than those parameters of the CAVA. Applicability of the proposed antenna for detection of void inside concrete beam is demonstrated. First, models of the proposed antenna and concrete beam possessing void are created in computer simulation technology and numerical study is performed. Then, a prototype of the antenna is fabricated and employed as part of microwave imaging system to verify simulation results and to detect voids inside concrete beam.

46 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The radiating fins of the proposed prototype are optimized to achieve the desired properties for breast phantom measurement and reduce the lower operating frequency and increases the gain and efficiency without compromising the size of the antenna.
Abstract: In this paper, a new, complete, and comprehensive breast phantom measurement system is presented. A side slotted vivaldi antenna is used for breast phantom measurement. The radiating fins are modified by etching six side slots to enhance the electrical length and produce stronger directive radiation with higher gain. This approach reduces the lower operating frequency and increases the gain and efficiency without compromising the size of the antenna. The overall size of the antenna is 8.8 ( ${L}$ ) $\times7.5$ ( ${W}$ ) cm $^{{ {2}}}$ or approximately $0.4\lambda \times 0.5\lambda $ at the first resonant frequency of 1.79 GHz. The results show that the antenna has a fractional bandwidth of approximately 127% from 1.54 to 7 GHz for return loss less than 10 dB with a directional radiation pattern. The average gain of the proposed prototype is 8.5 dBi, and the radiation efficiency is approximately 92% on average over the operating bandwidth. The fidelity factor for face to face is 0.98, and that for side by side is 0.4479, which proves the directionality and lower distortion of the signal. The prototype is successfully simulated, fabricated, and analyzed. The radiating fins of the proposed prototype are optimized to achieve the desired properties for breast phantom measurement. The antenna is used as the transceiver in a breast phantom measurement system to detect unwanted tumor cells inside the breast. An automated electromechanical imaging system with the necessary data post processing makes it an easy and suitable tool for microwave imaging to detect breast tumors.

35 citations


Cites methods from "Modified antipodal Vivaldi antenna ..."

  • ...Where θ = sin( Sw Cd ) The cut-off frequency of the proposed SSVA with the present dimensions can be calculated using the equation described in [27]:...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The time-domain behavior of the Vivaldi antenna is tested, and the results show a low cross polarization in the time domain and admirable time- domain responses.
Abstract: A miniaturized ultra-wideband Vivaldi antenna is proposed in this paper. Optimized slots are inserted in the radiation patches to obtain a low frequency resonance. Two substrates with radiation patches are put back to back, forming a double-layered structure. Thus, the transverse E-field of the double-layered structure is significantly reduced due to this symmetric treatment, which gives rise to very low cross polarization. The measured results show that an enhanced impedance bandwidth of approximately 126% in the range of 2.5–11 GHz (S11 $\times $ 32 mm $\times $ 2 mm, and the relative dimensions are $0.3 \lambda _{0}\times 0.26 \lambda _{0}\times 0.02 \lambda _{0}$ , where $\lambda _{0}$ is the free-space wavelength at the lowest operating frequency. Furthermore, the cross polarization is −40 dB over the bandwidth. The time-domain behavior of the Vivaldi antenna is tested, and the results show a low cross polarization in the time domain and admirable time-domain responses.

26 citations


Cites background from "Modified antipodal Vivaldi antenna ..."

  • ...In [12], another design, petals, is introduced to match the termination....

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References
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
P. J. Gibson1
01 Sep 1979
TL;DR: The Vivaldi Aerial is a new member of the class of aperiodic continuously scaled antenna structures and, as such, it has theoretically unlimited instantaneous frequency bandwidth as discussed by the authors, and can be made to conform to a constant gain vs. frequency performance.
Abstract: The Vivaldi Aerial is a new member of the class of aperiodic continuously scaled antenna structures and, as such, it has theoretically unlimited instantaneous frequency bandwidth. This aerial has significant gain and linear polarisation and can be made to conform to a constant gain vs. frequency performance. One such design has been made with approximately 10 dBI gain and ?20 dB sidelobe level over an instantaneous frequency bandwidth extending from below 2 GHz to above 40 GHz.

1,175 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, a tapered transition from microstrip to symmetric double sided slot line, fabricated on a low dielectric constant substrate, exhibits a very wide operating frequency range, with no need for a shorting hole.
Abstract: The Vivaldi antenna and its feeding transition is investigated. A tapered transition from microstrip to symmetric double sided slot line, fabricated on a low dielectric constant substrate, exhibits a very wide operating frequency range, with no need for a shorting hole. The parameters of the antenna which influence the constancy of beamwidth with frequency are discussed, and the ability to determine the required beamwidth by controlling the antenna length is shown.

496 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a good general agreement is obtained for curves of beamwidth versus length, normalized to wavelength, when one compares the data with that for traveling-wave antennas published by Zucker.
Abstract: Endfire tapered slot antennas are suitable for many integrated circuit applications, imaging and phased arrays. We report on an investigation of single elements of such antennas, including slots which are exponentially tapered (Vivaldi), linearly tapered (LTSA) and constant width (CWSA). For antennas of all types, a good general agreement is obtained for curves of beamwidth versus length, normalized to wavelength, when one compares the data with that for traveling-wave antennas published by Zucker. An important condition for this agreement is that the effective dielectric thickness, defined in the text, is in a certain optimum range. This condition is qualitatively explained in terms of the theory for traveling-wave antennas.

453 citations

Book
28 Oct 2021
TL;DR: The UWB Antenna Elements for Consumer Electronic Applications (Dirk Manteuffel) and its Applications, Operating Scenarios and Standardisation, and Numerical Modelling and Extraction of the UWB Characterisation are studied.
Abstract: Editors. Prime Contributors. Preface. Acknowledgments. Abbreviations & Acronyms. 1 Introduction to UWB Signals and Systems (Andreas F. Molisch). 1.1 History of UWB. 1.2 Motivation. 1.3 UWB Signals and Systems. 1.4 Frequency Regulation. 1.5 Applications, Operating Scenarios and Standardisation. 1.6 System Outlook. References. Part I Fundamentals. Introduction to Part I (Wasim Q. Malik and David J. Edwards). 2 Fundamental Electromagnetic Theory (Mischa Dohler). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Maxwell's Equations. 2.3 Resulting Principles. References. 3 Basic Antenna Elements (Mischa Dohler). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Hertzian Dipole. 3.3 Antenna Parameters and Terminology. 3.4 Basic Antenna Elements. References. 4 Antenna Arrays (Ernest E. Okon). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Point Sources. 4.3 The Principle of Pattern Multiplication. 4.4 Linear Arrays of n Elements. 4.5 Linear Broadside Arrays with Nonuniform Amplitude Distributions. 4.6 Planar Arrays. 4.7 Design Considerations. 4.8 Summary. References. 5 Beamforming (Ben Allen). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Antenna Arrays. 5.3 Adaptive Array Systems. 5.4 Beamforming. 5.5 Summary. References. 6 Antenna Diversity Techniques (Junsheng Liu, Wasim Q. Malik, David J. Edwards and Mohammad Ghavami). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 A Review of Fading. 6.3 Receive Diversity. 6.4 Transmit Diversity. 6.5 MIMO Diversity Systems. References. Part II Antennas for UWB Communications. Introduction to Part II (Ernest E. Okon). 7 Theory of UWB Antenna Elements (Xiaodong Chen). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Mechanism of UWB Monopole Antennas. 7.3 Planar UWB Monopole Antennas. 7.4 Planar UWB Slot Antennas. 7.5 Time-Domain Characteristics of Monopoles 7.6 Summary. Acknowledgements. References. 8 Antenna Elements for Impulse Radio (Zhi Ning Chen). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 UWB Antenna Classification and Design Considerations. 8.3 Omnidirectional and Directional Designs. 8.4 Summary. References. 9 Planar Dipole-like Antennas for Consumer Products (Peter Massey). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Computer Modelling and Measurement Techniques. 9.3 Bicone Antennas and the Lossy Transmission Line Model. 9.4 Planar Dipoles. 9.5 Practical Antenna. 9.6 Summary. Acknowledgements. References. 10 UWB Antenna Elements for Consumer Electronic Applications (Dirk Manteuffel). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Numerical Modelling and Extraction of the UWB Characterisation. 10.3 Antenna Design and Integration. 10.4 Propagation Modelling. 10.5 System Analysis. 10.6 Conclusions. References. 11 Ultra-wideband Arrays (Ernest E. Okon). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Linear Arrays. 11.3 Null and Maximum Directions for Uniform Arrays. 11.4 Phased Arrays. 11.5 Elements for UWB Array Design. 11.6 Modelling Considerations. 11.7 Feed Configurations. 11.8 Design Considerations. 11.9 Summary. References. 12 UWB Beamforming (Mohammad Ghavami and Kaveh Heidary). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Basic Concept. 12.3 A Simple Delay-line Transmitter Wideband Array. 12.4 UWB Mono-pulse Arrays. 12.5 Summary. References. Part III Propagation Measurements and Modelling for UWB Communications. Introduction to Part III (Mischa Dohler and Ben Allen). 13 Analysis of UWB Signal Attenuation Through Typical Building Materials (Domenico Porcino). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 A Brief Overview of Channel Characteristics. 13.3 The Materials Under Test. 13.4 Experimental Campaign. 13.5 Conclusions. References. 14 Large- and Medium-scale Propagation Modelling (Mischa Dohler, Junsheng Liu, R. Michael Buehrer, Swaroop Venkatesh and Ben Allen). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Deterministic Models. 14.3 Statistical-Empirical Models. 14.4 Standardised Reference Models. 14.5 Conclusions. References. 15 Small-scale Ultra-wideband Propagation Modelling (Swaroop Venkatesh, R. Michael Buehrer, Junsheng Liu and Mischa Dohler). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Small-scale Channel Modelling. 15.3 Spatial Modelling. 15.4 IEEE 802.15.3a Standard Model. 15.5 IEEE 802.15.4a Standard Model. 15.6 Summary. References. 16 Antenna Design and Propagation Measurements and Modelling for UWBWireless BAN (Yang Hao, Akram Alomainy and Yan Zhao). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Propagation Channel Measurements and Characteristics. 16.3 WBAN Channel Modelling. 16.4 UWB System-Level Modelling of Potential Body-Centric Networks. 16.5 Summary. References. 17 Ultra-wideband Spatial Channel Characteristics (Wasim Q. Malik, Junsheng Liu, Ben Allen and David J. Edwards). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Preliminaries. 17.3 UWB Spatial Channel Representation. 17.4 Characterisation Techniques. 17.5 Increase in the Communication Rate. 17.6 Signal Quality Improvement. 17.7 Performance Parameters. 17.8 Summary. References. Part IV UWB Radar, Imaging and Ranging. Introduction to Part IV (Anthony K. Brown). 18 Localisation in NLOS Scenarios with UWB Antenna Arrays (Thomas Kaiser, Christiane Senger, Amr Eltaher and Bamrung Tau Sieskul). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Underlying Mathematical Framework. 18.3 Properties of UWB Beamforming. 18.4 Beamloc Approach. 18.5 Algorithmic Framework. 18.6 Time-delay Estimation. 18.7 Simulation Results. 18.8 Conclusions. References. 19 Antennas for Ground-penetrating Radar (Ian Craddock). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 GPR Example Applications. 19.3 Analysis and GPR Design. 19.4 Antenna Elements. 19.5 Antenna Measurements, Analysis and Simulation. 19.6 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. 20 Wideband Antennas for Biomedical Imaging (Ian Craddock). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Detection and Imaging. 20.3 Waveform Choice and Antenna Design Criteria. 20.4 Antenna Elements. 20.5 Measurements, Analysis and Simulation. 20.6 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. 21 UWB Antennas for Radar and Related Applications (Anthony K. Brown). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Medium- and Long-Range Radar. 21.3 UWB Reflector Antennas. 21.4 UWB Feed Designs. 21.5 Feeds with Low Dispersion. 21.6 Summary. References. Index.

365 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a defected ground structure (DGS) pattern is proposed to reduce the cross-polarized (XP) radiation of a microstrip patch antenna, which is simple and easy to etch on a commercial microstrip substrate.
Abstract: A defected ground structure (DGS) is proposed to reduce the cross-polarized (XP) radiation of a microstrip patch antenna. The proposed DGS pattern is simple and easy to etch on a commercial microstrip substrate. This will only reduce the XP radiation field without affecting the dominant mode input impedance and co-polarized radiation patterns of a conventional antenna. The new concept has been examined and verified experimentally for a particular DGS pattern employing a circular patch as the radiator. Both simulation and experimental results are presented.

275 citations