Modifying role of Phyllanthus emblica and ascorbic acid against nickel clastogenicity in mice.
TL;DR: Aqueous extract of edible dried fruits of Phyllanthus emblica was fed to Mus musculus for seven consecutive days prior to treatment with different doses of nickel chloride, finding the greater efficacy of the fruit extract could be due to the interaction of its various natural components rather than to any single constituent.
About: This article is published in Cancer Letters.The article was published on 1991-07-26. It has received 59 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Dried fruit & Ascorbic acid.
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TL;DR: Seven plants contain antioxidant principles, that can explain and justify their use in traditional medicine in the past as well as the present, and are viewed for their historical, etymological, morphological, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects.
801 citations
01 Aug 2005
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Cites background from "Modifying role of Phyllanthus embli..."
...The nickel-induced DNA damage has resulted in the formation of chromosomal aberrations (Conway and Costa 1989; Dhir et al. 1991; Larramendy et al. 1981; Lechner et al. 1984; Sen and Costa 1986b; Sen et al. 1987; Waksvcik and Boysen 1982) that could result in deletion of senescence or tumor suppressor genes....
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...Chromosome gaps or chromosome aberrations have been reported in lymphocytes from nickel refinery workers (Waksvik and Boysen 1982), mouse bone marrow cells following intraperitoneal injection (Dhir et al. 1991), and in in vitro assays using hamster cells (Conway and Costa 1989; Larramendy et al....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Structural-activity relationship analysis suggested that the micronucleus assay is more sensitive to the genetic toxicity of some classes of chemicals than to those carcinogens with stronger evidence human carcinogenicity.
268 citations
TL;DR: In the 6th MMS/CSGMT collaborative study as mentioned in this paper, IARC groups 1 (human carcinogen), 2A (probable human carcinogen) and 2B (possible human carcinogens) were selected from 100 commercially available chemicals and chemical groups on which there was little or no micronucleus assay data.
Abstract: To assess the correlation between micronucleus induction and human carcinogenicity, the rodent micronucleus assay was performed on known and potential human carcinogens in the 6th MMS/CSGMT collaborative study Approximately 100 commercially available chemicals and chemical groups on which there was little or no micronucleus assay data were selected from IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) Groups 1 (human carcinogen), 2A (probable human carcinogen) and 2B (possible human carcinogen) As minimum requirements for the collaborative study, 5 male mice were treated by intraperitoneal injection or oral gavage once or twice with each chemical at three dose levels, and bone marrow and/or peripheral blood was analyzed Five positives and 2 inconclusives out of 13 Group 1 chemicals, 7 positives and 5 inconclusives of 23 Group 2A chemicals, and 26 positives and 6 inconclusives of 67 Group 2B chemicals were found Such low positive rates were not surprising because of a test chemical selection bias, and we excluded well-known micronucleus inducers The overall evaluation of the rodent micronucleus assay was based on the present data combined with published data on the IARC carcinogens After merging, the positive rates for Groups 1, 2A and 2B were 686, 545 and 456%, respectively Structure-activity relationship analysis suggested that the micronucleus assay is more sensitive to the genetic toxicity of some classes of chemicals Those to which it is sensitive consist of (1) aziridines and bis(2-chloroethyl) compounds; (2) alkyl sulfonate and sulfates; (3) acyl-type N-nitroso compounds; (4) hydrazines; (5) aminobiphenyl and benzidine derivatives; and (6) azo compounds Those to which it is less sensitive consist of (1) dialkyl type N-nitroso compounds; (2) silica and metals and their compounds; (3) aromatic amines without other functional groups; (4) halogenated compounds; and (5) steroids and other hormones After incorporation of structure-activity relationship information, the positive rates of the rodent micronucleus assay became 905, 652 and 600% for IARC Groups 1, 2A and 2B, respectively Noteworthy was the tendency of the test to be more sensitive to those carcinogens with stronger evidence human carcinogenicity
251 citations
TL;DR: There is no convincing evidence that any genotoxic rodent carcinogens or in vivo genotoxins would remain undetected in an in vitro test battery consisting of Ames+MNvit.
Abstract: In vitro genotoxicity testing needs to include tests in both bacterial and mammalian cells, and be able to detect gene mutations, chromosomal damage and aneuploidy. This may be achieved by a combination of the Ames test (detects gene mutations) and the in vitro micronucleus test (MNvit), since the latter detects both chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidy. In this paper we therefore present an analysis of an existing database of rodent carcinogens and a new database of in vivo genotoxins in terms of the in vitro genotoxicity tests needed to detect their in vivo activity. Published in vitro data from at least one test system (most were from the Ames test) were available for 557 carcinogens and 405 in vivo genotoxins. Because there are fewer publications on the MNvit than for other mammalian cell tests, and because the concordance between the MNvit and the in vitro chromosomal aberration (CAvit) test is so high for clastogenic activity, positive results in the CAvit test were taken as indicative of a positive result in the MNvit where there were no, or only inadequate data for the latter. Also, because Hprt and Tk loci both detect gene-mutation activity, a positive Hprt test was taken as indicative of a mouse-lymphoma Tk assay (MLA)-positive, where there were no data for the latter. Almost all of the 962 rodent carcinogens and in vivo genotoxins were detected by an in vitro battery comprising Ames+MNvit. An additional 11 carcinogens and six in vivo genotoxins would apparently be detected by the MLA, but many of these had not been tested in the MNvit or CAvit tests. Only four chemicals emerge as potentially being more readily detected in MLA than in Ames+MNvit--benzyl acetate, toluene, morphine and thiabendazole--and none of these are convincing cases to argue for the inclusion of the MLA in addition to Ames+MNvit. Thus, there is no convincing evidence that any genotoxic rodent carcinogens or in vivo genotoxins would remain undetected in an in vitro test battery consisting of Ames+MNvit.
203 citations
Additional excerpts
...Nickel chloride Nickel chloride hexhydrate 7718-54-9 7791-20-0 E + [985]; − TC [370,474,986, 987]; I [988]; − [989] + [990, 991]; gpt [992]; HPRT [388,993] + [392,785] + + [994–999]; Weak + [1000] E + [1001,1002]; − [120,1003] + [1002] + [1004,1005]...
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...[1002] H....
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References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: The long latent period, the evidence of cell degeneration, necrosis, foreign material, cell invasion, and subsequent rapid myofibroblast-type cell development, proliferating to malignant tumors highly suggestive of malignant fibrous histiocytoma, seem to suggest an epigenetic form of carcinogenicity of cytotoxic variety.
9 citations
6 citations