MOFs as adsorbents for low temperature heating and cooling applications.
10 Feb 2009-Journal of the American Chemical Society (American Chemical Society)-Vol. 131, Iss: 8, pp 2776-2777
TL;DR: The 3D metal-organic framework (MOF) (3)(infinity) is found to be a reversibly dehydratable-hydratable water-stable MOF material with a large loading spread as a candidate for solid adsorbents in heat transformation cycles for refrigeration, heat pumping, and heat storage.
Abstract: The 3D metal−organic framework (MOF) 3∞{[Ni3(μ3-btc)2(μ4-btre)2(μ-H2O)2]·∼22H2O} is found to be a reversibly dehydratable−hydratable water-stable MOF material with a large loading spread of 210 g/kg as a candidate for solid adsorbents in heat transformation cycles for refrigeration, heat pumping, and heat storage.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the chemical, thermal and mechanical stabilities of MOFs, in particular with catalytic uses in mind, are discussed, and future directions of study for the production of highly stable MOFs are briefly discussed.
Abstract: The construction of thousands of well-defined, porous, metal–organic framework (MOF) structures, spanning a broad range of topologies and an even broader range of pore sizes and chemical functionalities, has fuelled the exploration of many applications. Accompanying this applied focus has been a recognition of the need to engender MOFs with mechanical, thermal and/or chemical stability. Chemical stability in acidic, basic and neutral aqueous solutions is important. Advances over recent years have made it possible to design MOFs that possess different combinations of mechanical, thermal and chemical stability. Here, we review these advances and the associated design principles and synthesis strategies. We focus on how these advances may render MOFs effective as heterogeneous catalysts, both in chemically harsh condensed phases and in thermally challenging conditions relevant to gas-phase reactions. Finally, we briefly discuss future directions of study for the production of highly stable MOFs. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown promise in a broad range of applications, including catalysis. In this Review, the chemical, thermal and mechanical stabilities of MOFs, in particular with catalytic uses in mind, are discussed.
1,332 citations
TL;DR: The state of the art of MOF stability in water, a crucial issue to many applications in which MOFs are promising candidates, is discussed here and different mechanisms of water adsorption in this class of materials are presented.
Abstract: This review article presents the fundamental and practical aspects of water adsorption in Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs). The state of the art of MOF stability in water, a crucial issue to many applications in which MOFs are promising candidates, is discussed here. Stability in both gaseous (such as humid gases) and aqueous media is considered. By considering a non-exhaustive yet representative set of MOFs, the different mechanisms of water adsorption in this class of materials are presented: reversible and continuous pore filling, irreversible and discontinuous pore filling through capillary condensation, and irreversibility arising from the flexibility and possible structural modifications of the host material. Water adsorption properties of more than 60 MOF samples are reported. The applications of MOFs as materials for heat-pumps and adsorbent-based chillers and proton conductors are also reviewed. Some directions for future work are suggested as concluding remarks.
1,022 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and porous coordination polymers (PCPs) with selected examples of their structures, concepts for linkers, syntheses, post-synthesis modifications, metal nanoparticle formations in MOFs, porosity and zeolitic behavior for applications in gas storage for hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and applications in conductivity, luminescence and catalysis.
Abstract: This review (over 380 references) summarizes metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), Materials Institute Lavoisier (MILs), iso-reticular metal–organic frameworks (IR-MOFs), porous coordination networks (PCNs), zeolitic metal–organic frameworks (ZMOFs) and porous coordination polymers (PCPs) with selected examples of their structures, concepts for linkers, syntheses, post-synthesis modifications, metal nanoparticle formations in MOFs, porosity and zeolitic behavior for applications in gas storage for hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and applications in conductivity, luminescence and catalysis.
1,017 citations
TL;DR: An overview of most of the existing literature on the capability of MOFs to separate and purify liquid mixtures is given, with an accent on separation mechanisms and structure-selectivity relationships.
Abstract: While much attention of the MOF community has been devoted to adsorption and purification of gases, there is now also a vast body of data on the capability of MOFs to separate and purify liquid mixtures. Initial studies focused on separation of petrochemicals in apolar backgrounds, but the attention has moved now to the separation of complex, e.g. chiral compounds, and to the isolation of biobased compounds from aqueous media. We here give an overview of most of the existing literature, with an accent on separation mechanisms and structure–selectivity relationships.
735 citations
TL;DR: The 10th edition of CrystEngComm as mentioned in this paper highlighted the state-of-the-art of crystal engineering and new trends and developing areas in crystal engineering, such as intermolecular interactions, metal-organic frameworks or coordination polymers; polymorphism and solvates.
Abstract: The articles published in the tenth anniversary issue of CrystEngComm are reviewed. The issue highlighted the state-of-the-art of crystal engineering and new trends and developing areas in crystal engineering. In particular, the following article emphasises developments in the areas of intermolecular interactions, notably hydrogen and halogen bonds; metal–organic frameworks or coordination polymers; polymorphism and solvates.
674 citations
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TL;DR: The state-of-the-art on hybrid porous solids, their advantages, their new routes of synthesis, the structural concepts useful for their 'design', aiming at reaching very large pores are presented.
Abstract: This critical review will be of interest to the experts in porous solids (including catalysis), but also solid state chemists and physicists. It presents the state-of-the-art on hybrid porous solids, their advantages, their new routes of synthesis, the structural concepts useful for their ‘design’, aiming at reaching very large pores. Their dynamic properties and the possibility of predicting their structure are described. The large tunability of the pore size leads to unprecedented properties and applications. They concern adsorption of species, storage and delivery and the physical properties of the dense phases. (323 references)
5,187 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the development in the field of coordination polymers or metal-organic coordination networks, MOCNs (metal-organic frameworks, MOFs) is assessed in terms of property investigations in the areas of catalysis, chirality, conductivity, luminescence, magnetism, spin-transition (spin-crossover), nonlinear optics (NLO) and porosity or zeolitic behavior upon which potential applications could be based.
Abstract: The development in the field of coordination polymers or metal-organic coordination networks, MOCNs (metal-organic frameworks, MOFs) is assessed in terms of property investigations in the areas of catalysis, chirality, conductivity, luminescence, magnetism, spin-transition (spin-crossover), non-linear optics (NLO) and porosity or zeolitic behavior upon which potential applications could be based.
3,117 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the use of metal-organic framework (MOF) coordination polymers with regular porosity from the micro to nanopore scale for catalysis and gas processing, as well as a totally novel electrochemical approach for transition metal based MOFs.
Abstract: The generation of metal–organic framework (MOF) coordination polymers enables the tailoring of novel solids with regular porosity from the micro to nanopore scale. Since the discovery of this new family of nanoporous materials and the concept of so called ‘reticular design’, nowadays several hundred different types of MOF are known. The self assembly of metal ions, which act as coordination centres, linked together with a variety of polyatomic organic bridging ligands, results in tailorable nanoporous host materials as robust solids with high thermal and mechanical stability.
Describing examples of different zinc-containing structures, e.g. MOF-2, MOF-5 and IRMOF-8 verified synthesis methods will be given, as well as a totally novel electrochemical approach for transition metal based MOFs will be presented for the first time.
With sufficient amounts of sample now being available, the testing of metal–organic frameworks in fields of catalysis and gas processing is exemplified. Report is given on the catalytic activation of alkynes (formation of methoxypropene from propyne, vinylester synthesis from acetylene). Removal of impurities in natural gas (traces of tetrahydrothiophene in methane), pressure swing separation of rare gases (krypton and xenon) and storage of hydrogen (3.3 wt% at 2.0 MPa/77 K on Cu-BTC-MOF) will underline the prospective future industrial use of metal–organic frameworks in gas processing. Whenever possible, comparison is made to state-of-art applications in order to outline possibilities which might be superior by using MOFs.
2,008 citations
TL;DR: Very highly porous materials, such as zeolites, carbon materials, polymers, and metal-organic frameworks, offer a wide variety of chemical composition and structural architectures that are suitable for the adsorption and storage of many different gases, including hydrogen, methane, nitric oxide, and carbon dioxide.
Abstract: Gas storage in solids is becoming an ever more important technology, with applications and potential applications ranging from energy and the environment all the way to biology and medicine. Very highly porous materials, such as zeolites, carbon materials, polymers, and metal-organic frameworks, offer a wide variety of chemical composition and structural architectures that are suitable for the adsorption and storage of many different gases, including hydrogen, methane, nitric oxide, and carbon dioxide. However, the challenges associated with designing materials to have sufficient adsorption capacity, controllable delivery rates, suitable lifetimes, and recharging characteristics are not trivial in many instances. The different chemistry associated with the various gases of interest makes it necessary to carefully match the properties of the porous material to the required application.
1,435 citations
TL;DR: A review on metal ion containing coordination polymer networks is given in this paper, where the authors highlight the current research in the field by giving a short overview on the concept of coordination polymers networks, how and why they are made.
1,361 citations