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Journal ArticleDOI

Molecular and Cellular Physiology of Neurons

01 Jan 2016-Surgical Neurology International (Medknow Publications)-Vol. 7, Iss: 1, pp 95
TL;DR: The success can be started by knowing the basic knowledge and do actions, and this molecular and cellular physiology of neurons, will really give you the good idea to be successful.
Abstract: By reading, you can know the knowledge and things more, not only about what you get from people to people. Book will be more trusted. As this molecular and cellular physiology of neurons, it will really give you the good idea to be successful. It is not only for you to be success in certain life you can be successful in everything. The success can be started by knowing the basic knowledge and do actions.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
James J. Lee1, Robbee Wedow2, Aysu Okbay3, Edward Kong4, Omeed Maghzian4, Meghan Zacher4, Tuan Anh Nguyen-Viet5, Peter Bowers4, Julia Sidorenko6, Julia Sidorenko7, Richard Karlsson Linnér3, Richard Karlsson Linnér8, Mark Alan Fontana5, Mark Alan Fontana9, Tushar Kundu5, Chanwook Lee4, Hui Li4, Ruoxi Li5, Rebecca Royer5, Pascal Timshel10, Pascal Timshel11, Raymond K. Walters12, Raymond K. Walters4, Emily A. Willoughby1, Loic Yengo6, Maris Alver7, Yanchun Bao13, David W. Clark14, Felix R. Day15, Nicholas A. Furlotte, Peter K. Joshi16, Peter K. Joshi14, Kathryn E. Kemper6, Aaron Kleinman, Claudia Langenberg15, Reedik Mägi7, Joey W. Trampush5, Shefali S. Verma17, Yang Wu6, Max Lam, Jing Hua Zhao15, Zhili Zheng18, Zhili Zheng6, Jason D. Boardman2, Harry Campbell14, Jeremy Freese19, Kathleen Mullan Harris20, Caroline Hayward14, Pamela Herd13, Pamela Herd21, Meena Kumari13, Todd Lencz22, Todd Lencz23, Jian'an Luan15, Anil K. Malhotra22, Anil K. Malhotra23, Andres Metspalu7, Lili Milani7, Ken K. Ong15, John R. B. Perry15, David J. Porteous14, Marylyn D. Ritchie17, Melissa C. Smart14, Blair H. Smith24, Joyce Y. Tung, Nicholas J. Wareham15, James F. Wilson14, Jonathan P. Beauchamp25, Dalton Conley26, Tõnu Esko7, Steven F. Lehrer27, Steven F. Lehrer28, Steven F. Lehrer29, Patrik K. E. Magnusson30, Sven Oskarsson31, Tune H. Pers10, Tune H. Pers11, Matthew R. Robinson32, Matthew R. Robinson6, Kevin Thom33, Chelsea Watson5, Christopher F. Chabris17, Michelle N. Meyer17, David Laibson4, Jian Yang6, Magnus Johannesson34, Philipp Koellinger3, Philipp Koellinger8, Patrick Turley4, Patrick Turley12, Peter M. Visscher6, Daniel J. Benjamin5, Daniel J. Benjamin29, David Cesarini29, David Cesarini33 
TL;DR: A joint (multi-phenotype) analysis of educational attainment and three related cognitive phenotypes generates polygenic scores that explain 11–13% of the variance ineducational attainment and 7–10% ofthe variance in cognitive performance, which substantially increases the utility ofpolygenic scores as tools in research.
Abstract: Here we conducted a large-scale genetic association analysis of educational attainment in a sample of approximately 1.1 million individuals and identify 1,271 independent genome-wide-significant SNPs. For the SNPs taken together, we found evidence of heterogeneous effects across environments. The SNPs implicate genes involved in brain-development processes and neuron-to-neuron communication. In a separate analysis of the X chromosome, we identify 10 independent genome-wide-significant SNPs and estimate a SNP heritability of around 0.3% in both men and women, consistent with partial dosage compensation. A joint (multi-phenotype) analysis of educational attainment and three related cognitive phenotypes generates polygenic scores that explain 11-13% of the variance in educational attainment and 7-10% of the variance in cognitive performance. This prediction accuracy substantially increases the utility of polygenic scores as tools in research.

1,658 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
18 May 2016-Neuron
TL;DR: A cell type-specific plasticity mechanism in the hippocampus is described that provides evidence for the neuronal expression of CB2Rs and emphasizes their importance in basic neuronal transmission.

234 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: How novel material properties enable complex dynamics and define different orders of complexity in memristor devices and systems are discussed, which enable new computing architectures that offer dramatically greater computing efficiency than conventional computers.

80 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In dendritic spines receiving synaptic inputs, it is shown that in the presence of a spine apparatus, a calcium-induced calcium release is triggered at the base of the spine by the fastest calcium ions arriving at a Ryanodyne receptor (RyR).
Abstract: Fast calcium transients (<10 ms) remain difficult to analyse in cellular microdomains, yet they can modulate key cellular events such as trafficking, local ATP production by endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria complex (ER-mitochondria complex), or spontaneous activity in astrocytes. In dendritic spines receiving synaptic inputs, we show here that in the presence of a spine apparatus (SA), which is an extension of the smooth ER, a calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) is triggered at the base of the spine by the fastest calcium ions arriving at a Ryanodyne receptor (RyR). The mechanism relies on the asymmetric distributions of RyRs and sarco/ER calcium-ATPase (SERCA) pumps that we predict using a computational model and further confirm experimentally in culture and slice hippocampal neurons. The present mechanism for which the statistics of the fastest particles arriving at a small target, followed by an amplification, is likely to be generic in molecular transduction across cellular microcompartments, such as thin neuronal processes, astrocytes, endfeets, or protrusions.

38 citations


Cites background from "Molecular and Cellular Physiology o..."

  • ...This is the case for second messengers such as IP3 [46], G-protein coupled receptors [47], and modulation of the inner hair cell voltage by CICR [48]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Comparison of mammals to amphibians suggests that rod outer‐segment morphology and the molecules and mechanism of transduction may have evolved together to optimize light sensitivity in darkness, which culminates in the extraordinary ability of these cells to respond to single photons at the ultimate limit of visual perception.
Abstract: Rod photoreceptors are among the most sensitive light detectors in nature. They achieve their remarkable sensitivity across a wide variety of species through a number of essential adaptations: a specialized cellular geometry, a G-protein cascade with an unusually stable receptor molecule, a low-noise transduction mechanism, a nearly perfect effector enzyme, and highly evolved mechanisms of feedback control and receptor deactivation. Practically any change in protein expression, enzyme activity, or feedback control can be shown to impair photon detection, either by decreasing sensitivity or signal-to-noise ratio, or by reducing temporal resolution. Comparison of mammals to amphibians suggests that rod outer-segment morphology and the molecules and mechanism of transduction may have evolved together to optimize light sensitivity in darkness, which culminates in the extraordinary ability of these cells to respond to single photons at the ultimate limit of visual perception.

27 citations


Cites background from "Molecular and Cellular Physiology o..."

  • ...C: Entry and exit of ions in rod outersegment plasma membrane through cGMP-gated channels and NCKX Ca2þ transporter (after [71])....

    [...]

  • ...A: Transduction cascade of vertebrate photoreceptors (after [71])....

    [...]

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
James J. Lee1, Robbee Wedow2, Aysu Okbay3, Edward Kong4, Omeed Maghzian4, Meghan Zacher4, Tuan Anh Nguyen-Viet5, Peter Bowers4, Julia Sidorenko6, Julia Sidorenko7, Richard Karlsson Linnér3, Richard Karlsson Linnér8, Mark Alan Fontana5, Mark Alan Fontana9, Tushar Kundu5, Chanwook Lee4, Hui Li4, Ruoxi Li5, Rebecca Royer5, Pascal Timshel10, Pascal Timshel11, Raymond K. Walters4, Raymond K. Walters12, Emily A. Willoughby1, Loic Yengo6, Maris Alver7, Yanchun Bao13, David W. Clark14, Felix R. Day15, Nicholas A. Furlotte, Peter K. Joshi14, Peter K. Joshi16, Kathryn E. Kemper6, Aaron Kleinman, Claudia Langenberg15, Reedik Mägi7, Joey W. Trampush5, Shefali S. Verma17, Yang Wu6, Max Lam, Jing Hua Zhao15, Zhili Zheng18, Zhili Zheng6, Jason D. Boardman2, Harry Campbell14, Jeremy Freese19, Kathleen Mullan Harris20, Caroline Hayward14, Pamela Herd13, Pamela Herd21, Meena Kumari13, Todd Lencz22, Todd Lencz23, Jian'an Luan15, Anil K. Malhotra22, Anil K. Malhotra23, Andres Metspalu7, Lili Milani7, Ken K. Ong15, John R. B. Perry15, David J. Porteous14, Marylyn D. Ritchie17, Melissa C. Smart14, Blair H. Smith24, Joyce Y. Tung, Nicholas J. Wareham15, James F. Wilson14, Jonathan P. Beauchamp25, Dalton Conley26, Tõnu Esko7, Steven F. Lehrer27, Steven F. Lehrer28, Steven F. Lehrer29, Patrik K. E. Magnusson30, Sven Oskarsson31, Tune H. Pers11, Tune H. Pers10, Matthew R. Robinson32, Matthew R. Robinson6, Kevin Thom33, Chelsea Watson5, Christopher F. Chabris17, Michelle N. Meyer17, David Laibson4, Jian Yang6, Magnus Johannesson34, Philipp Koellinger3, Philipp Koellinger8, Patrick Turley12, Patrick Turley4, Peter M. Visscher6, Daniel J. Benjamin27, Daniel J. Benjamin5, David Cesarini27, David Cesarini33 
TL;DR: A joint (multi-phenotype) analysis of educational attainment and three related cognitive phenotypes generates polygenic scores that explain 11–13% of the variance ineducational attainment and 7–10% ofthe variance in cognitive performance, which substantially increases the utility ofpolygenic scores as tools in research.
Abstract: Here we conducted a large-scale genetic association analysis of educational attainment in a sample of approximately 1.1 million individuals and identify 1,271 independent genome-wide-significant SNPs. For the SNPs taken together, we found evidence of heterogeneous effects across environments. The SNPs implicate genes involved in brain-development processes and neuron-to-neuron communication. In a separate analysis of the X chromosome, we identify 10 independent genome-wide-significant SNPs and estimate a SNP heritability of around 0.3% in both men and women, consistent with partial dosage compensation. A joint (multi-phenotype) analysis of educational attainment and three related cognitive phenotypes generates polygenic scores that explain 11-13% of the variance in educational attainment and 7-10% of the variance in cognitive performance. This prediction accuracy substantially increases the utility of polygenic scores as tools in research.

1,658 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
18 May 2016-Neuron
TL;DR: A cell type-specific plasticity mechanism in the hippocampus is described that provides evidence for the neuronal expression of CB2Rs and emphasizes their importance in basic neuronal transmission.

234 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that rod outer-segment discs were not essential and developed after single-photon detection and that many of the molecular differences in the activation and decay of the response may have each made a small contribution as evolution proceeded stepwise with incremental increases in sensitivity.
Abstract: One hundred and fifty years ago Max Schultze first proposed the duplex theory of vision, that vertebrate eyes have two types of photoreceptor cells with differing sensitivity: rods for dim light and cones for bright light and colour detection. We now know that this division is fundamental not only to the photoreceptors themselves but to the whole of retinal and visual processing. But why are rods more sensitive, and how did the duplex retina first evolve? Cells resembling cones are very old, first appearing among cnidarians; the emergence of rods was a key step in the evolution of the vertebrate eye. Many transduction proteins have different isoforms in rods and cones, and others are expressed at different levels. Moreover rods and cones have a different anatomy, with only rods containing membranous discs enclosed by the plasma membrane. These differences must be responsible for the difference in absolute sensitivity, but which are essential? Recent research particularly expressing cone proteins in rods or changing the level of expression seem to show that many of the molecular differences in the activation and decay of the response may have each made a small contribution as evolution proceeded stepwise with incremental increases in sensitivity. Rod outer-segment discs were not essential and developed after single-photon detection. These experiments collectively provide a new understanding of the two kinds of photoreceptors and help to explain how gene duplication and the formation of rod-specific proteins produced the duplex retina, which has remained remarkably constant in physiology from amphibians to man.

83 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In dendritic spines receiving synaptic inputs, it is shown that in the presence of a spine apparatus, a calcium-induced calcium release is triggered at the base of the spine by the fastest calcium ions arriving at a Ryanodyne receptor (RyR).
Abstract: Fast calcium transients (<10 ms) remain difficult to analyse in cellular microdomains, yet they can modulate key cellular events such as trafficking, local ATP production by endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria complex (ER-mitochondria complex), or spontaneous activity in astrocytes. In dendritic spines receiving synaptic inputs, we show here that in the presence of a spine apparatus (SA), which is an extension of the smooth ER, a calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) is triggered at the base of the spine by the fastest calcium ions arriving at a Ryanodyne receptor (RyR). The mechanism relies on the asymmetric distributions of RyRs and sarco/ER calcium-ATPase (SERCA) pumps that we predict using a computational model and further confirm experimentally in culture and slice hippocampal neurons. The present mechanism for which the statistics of the fastest particles arriving at a small target, followed by an amplification, is likely to be generic in molecular transduction across cellular microcompartments, such as thin neuronal processes, astrocytes, endfeets, or protrusions.

38 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Comparison of mammals to amphibians suggests that rod outer‐segment morphology and the molecules and mechanism of transduction may have evolved together to optimize light sensitivity in darkness, which culminates in the extraordinary ability of these cells to respond to single photons at the ultimate limit of visual perception.
Abstract: Rod photoreceptors are among the most sensitive light detectors in nature. They achieve their remarkable sensitivity across a wide variety of species through a number of essential adaptations: a specialized cellular geometry, a G-protein cascade with an unusually stable receptor molecule, a low-noise transduction mechanism, a nearly perfect effector enzyme, and highly evolved mechanisms of feedback control and receptor deactivation. Practically any change in protein expression, enzyme activity, or feedback control can be shown to impair photon detection, either by decreasing sensitivity or signal-to-noise ratio, or by reducing temporal resolution. Comparison of mammals to amphibians suggests that rod outer-segment morphology and the molecules and mechanism of transduction may have evolved together to optimize light sensitivity in darkness, which culminates in the extraordinary ability of these cells to respond to single photons at the ultimate limit of visual perception.

27 citations

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As this molecular and cellular physiology of neurons, it will really give you the good idea to be successful.