Molecular phylogenetics and diagnosis of Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, and Contracaecum from northern Pacific marine mammals.
01 Dec 2005-Journal of Parasitology (American Society of Parasitologists)-Vol. 91, Iss: 6, pp 1413-1429
TL;DR: Phylogenetic analysis of LSU sequences revealed strong support for the monophyly of Anisakinae, Contracaecum plus Phocascaris, Pseudoterranova, and Anisakis, which is primarily consistent with previously published phenograms based on multilocus electrophoretic data.
Abstract: Individual specimens of Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, and Contracaecum collected from marine mammals inhabiting northern Pacific waters were used for comparative diagnostic and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Forty-eight new sequences were obtained for this study of 14 Anisakis taxa, 8 Pseudoterranova taxa, 4 Contracaecum taxa, and 4 outgroup species. Partial 28S (LSU) and complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2) ribosomal DNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Sequences of ITS indicated that Pseudoterranova specimens from Zalophus californianus (California sea lion), Mirounga angustirostris (northern elephant seal), Phoca vitulina (harbor seal), Enhydra lutris (sea otter), and Eumetopias jubatus (Steller's sea lion) exactly matched P. decipiens s. str., extending the host and geographic range of this species. Anisakis from northern Pacific marine mammals were most closely related to members of the A. simplex species complex. Comparison of Anisakis ITS sequences diagnosed the presence of A. simplex C in 2 M. angustirostris hosts, which is a new host record. Anisakis specimens from Phocoena phocoena (harbor porpoise), Lissodelphis borealis (Pacific rightwhale porpoise), and E. jubatus included 3 ITS sequences that did not match any known species. Contracaecum adults obtained from Z. californianus were most closely related to C. ogmorhini s.l. and C. rudolphii, but ITS sequences of these Contracaecum specimens did not match C. ogmorhini s. str. or C. margolisi. These novel Anisakis and Contracaecum ITS sequences may represent previously uncharacterized species. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU sequences revealed strong support for the monophyly of Anisakinae, Contracaecum plus Phocascaris, Pseudoterranova, and Anisakis. Phylogenetic trees inferred from ITS sequences yielded robustly supported relationships for Pseudoterranova and Anisakis species that are primarily consistent with previously published phenograms based on multilocus electrophoretic data.
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TL;DR: Aalyses of differential expression based on genes coding for secreted proteins suggests that co-infections presents different repertoires of released protein to the host environment, and is of outstanding interest in the study of speciation in nematodes.
Abstract: Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and Anisakis pegreffii are sibling species of nematodes parasitic on marine mammals. Zoonotic human infection with third stage infective larvae causes anisakiasis, a debilitating and potentially fatal disease. These 2 species show evidence of hybridisation in geographical areas where they are sympatric. How the species and their hybrids differ is still poorly understood. Third stage larvae of Anisakis simplex s.s., Anisakis pegreffii and hybrids were sampled from Merluccius merluccius (Teleosti) hosts captured in waters of the FAO 27 geographical area. Specimens of each species and hybrids were distinguished with a diagnostic genetic marker (ITS). RNA was extracted from pools of 10 individuals of each taxon. Transcriptomes were generated using Illumina RNA-Seq, and assembled de novo. A joint assembly (here called merged transcriptome) of all 3 samples was also generated. The inferred transcript sets were functionally annotated and compared globally and also on subsets of secreted proteins and putative allergen families. While intermediary metabolism appeared to be typical for nematodes in the 3 evaluated taxa, their transcriptomes present strong levels of differential expression and enrichment, mainly of transcripts related to metabolic pathways and gene ontologies associated to energy metabolism and other pathways, with significant presence of excreted/secreted proteins, most of them allergens. The allergome of the 2 species and their hybrids has also been thoroughly studied; at least 74 different allergen families were identified in the transcriptomes. A. simplex s.s., A. pegreffi and their hybrids differ in gene expression patterns in the L3 stage. Strong parent-of-origin effects were observed: A. pegreffi alleles dominate in the expression patterns of hybrids albeit the latter, and A. pegreffii also display significant differences indicating that hybrids are intermediate biological entities among their parental species, and thus of outstanding interest in the study of speciation in nematodes. Analyses of differential expression based on genes coding for secreted proteins suggests that co-infections presents different repertoires of released protein to the host environment. Both species and their hybrids, share more allergen genes than previously thought and are likely to induce overlapping disease responses.
32 citations
TL;DR: Anisakid nematodes in the Pacific region of the Philippine archipelago still remain unexplored and their presence in the Dwarf Sperm Whale inhabiting this region indicates high possibility of Anisakis infections in the marine fishes, cephalopods and other intermediate hosts within the Philippine waters.
32 citations
Cites background from "Molecular phylogenetics and diagnos..."
...K C 82 17 34 , K C 82 17 36 ) w it h in th e su bbr an ch 1 of A . z ip hi da ru m br an ch in th e N J t re e. b Th es e ar e th e sp ec im en s (K C 82 17 35 , K C 82 17 37 , K C 82 17 38 ) w it h in th e su bbr an ch 2 of A . z ip hi da ru m br an ch in th e N J t re e. sitology 197 (2013) 221– 230 229 been reported on definitive hosts under the family Ziphiidae (Mesoplodon densirostris, M. europaeus, M. layardii, and Ziphius cavirostris) from South African coast, Carribean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and New Zealand (Mattiucci and Nascetti, 2008, 2007; Colón-Llavina et al., 2009; Mattiucci et al., 2009; Cavallero et al., 2011)....
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...tropical, and subtropical waters, as well as from the South West (Brazil) and North West (Florida) Atlantic and from Mediterranean (North Africa) (Mattiucci et al., 2002, 2005; Nadler et al., 2005; Farjallah et al., 2008; Palm et al., 2008; Colón-Llavina et al., 2009; Kuhn et al., 2011)....
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...…(with ). tropical, and subtropical waters, as well as from the South West (Brazil) and North West (Florida) Atlantic and from Mediterranean (North Africa) (Mattiucci et al., 2002, 2005; Nadler et al., 2005; Farjallah et al., 2008; Palm et al., 2008; Colón-Llavina et al., 2009; Kuhn et al., 2011)....
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...On the other hand, A. typica is a common parasite of various dolphin species belonging to the families Delphinidae, Phocoenidae and Pontoporidae from warmer temperate, 226 K.M.A. Quiazon et al. / Veterinary Parasitology 197 (2013) 221– 230 le (with ). tropical, and subtropical waters, as well as from the South West (Brazil) and North West (Florida) Atlantic and from Mediterranean (North Africa) (Mattiucci et al., 2002, 2005; Nadler et al., 2005; Farjallah et al., 2008; Palm et al., 2008; Colón-Llavina et al., 2009; Kuhn et al., 2011)....
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TL;DR: Molecular studies failed to show evidence that the parasites infesting the vent were different from those in the body cavity, i.e. all were identified as A. simplex sensu stricto, and no mortality or prevention of spawning was recorded during the 2007 season.
Abstract: Simultaneous reports were received between June and July 2007 of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with red, swollen, bloody vents returning to geographically diverse rivers in Scotland. By the end of September the condition, colloquially known as 'red vent syndrome' (RVS), was reported from >50 rivers across Scotland. Fish were generally in good overall condition but the vent area showed mild to severe lesions. External characteristics of the syndrome included a swollen, raised, haemorrhagic vent and surrounding tissues, with erosion of the skin, scale loss and moderate to severe bleeding in more advanced cases. Predominantly, the fish affected were 1-sea-winter grilse; however, RVS was also recorded in 2-sea-winter salmon and sea trout S. trutta. High numbers of the nematode Anisakis Type I larvae were found infesting the discrete region of the vent, a localisation that is reported as novel for the parasite. The hypothesis that this is a different species than that commonly found in the body cavity and viscera was investigated through molecular studies. These studies failed to show evidence that the parasites infesting the vent were different from those in the body cavity, i.e. all were identified as A. simplex sensu stricto. No other disease agent was found associated with the lesions or was isolated systemically, and no mortality or prevention of spawning was recorded during the 2007 season. Possible causes, including warming environments in the North Atlantic, are hypothesised as playing a role in the development of RVS in Atlantic salmon.
31 citations
Cites background from "Molecular phylogenetics and diagnos..."
...The level of variation in the ITS region can be very low even between defined Anisakis spp. (Nadler et al. 2005); therefore, even 2 nucleotide differences could indicate the emergence of a new Anisakis species/subspecies, differing in its life history. cox1 mtDNA was also sequenced from nematodes…...
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TL;DR: The findings of the present study provide some insights into the distribution of larval anisakid nematodes in coral-reef fishes and a basis for future investigations of anisAKid populations in marine fishes.
Abstract: A survey was undertaken to characterise larval anisakid nematodes present in teleosts at Lizard Island on the northern Great Barrier Reef. In total, 464 fish were examined from 32 families, 62 genera and 107 species. Anisakid nematodes were found in 46 (9.9%) of the fish examined. Infections in Atherinidae, Lethrinidae, Lutjanidae and Serranidae were moderately prevalent, with the intensities of infection ranging from 1 to 80; whereas in the Sphyraenidae and Scombridae, the prevalence of infection was very high, with intensities ranging from 1 to >375 anisakids. A combined morphological and molecular-phylogenetic approach was employed to identify larval anisakid nematodes to species and/or genotypes. The nematodes examined were identified as Anisakis typica (three genotypes based on molecular characterisation), Terranova Types I (five genotypes) and II (five genotypes) and Hysterothylacium Types IV, V (four genotypes), VI and X. The findings of the present study provide some insights into the distribution of larval anisakid nematodes in coral-reef fishes and a basis for future investigations of anisakid populations in marine fishes.
31 citations
TL;DR: Despite the limited uptake of DNA-based tests to date, there is little doubt that they offer great potential to not only detect, identify and quantify parasites, but also to provide further information important for the implementation of parasite control strategies.
30 citations
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687 citations
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of adding characters and/or taxa on phylogenetic accuracy were explored using data generated by computer simulation using a four-taxon tree in the "Felsenstein zone/7".
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676 citations
TL;DR: More than 260 specimens of fish, belonging to 64 species, have been searched for nematode parasites and 9 species of fish were found to be free of nematodes.
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373 citations
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...…A. simplex s. str.) A. simplex C); these represent the 3 known species within the A. simplex species complex and are characterized (along with A. typica and A. ziphidarum) by having type I larvae sensu Berland (1961), which may represent the apomorphic (derived) state within An- NADLER ET AL....
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