Molecular phylogenetics and diagnosis of Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, and Contracaecum from northern Pacific marine mammals.
01 Dec 2005-Journal of Parasitology (American Society of Parasitologists)-Vol. 91, Iss: 6, pp 1413-1429
TL;DR: Phylogenetic analysis of LSU sequences revealed strong support for the monophyly of Anisakinae, Contracaecum plus Phocascaris, Pseudoterranova, and Anisakis, which is primarily consistent with previously published phenograms based on multilocus electrophoretic data.
Abstract: Individual specimens of Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, and Contracaecum collected from marine mammals inhabiting northern Pacific waters were used for comparative diagnostic and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Forty-eight new sequences were obtained for this study of 14 Anisakis taxa, 8 Pseudoterranova taxa, 4 Contracaecum taxa, and 4 outgroup species. Partial 28S (LSU) and complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2) ribosomal DNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Sequences of ITS indicated that Pseudoterranova specimens from Zalophus californianus (California sea lion), Mirounga angustirostris (northern elephant seal), Phoca vitulina (harbor seal), Enhydra lutris (sea otter), and Eumetopias jubatus (Steller's sea lion) exactly matched P. decipiens s. str., extending the host and geographic range of this species. Anisakis from northern Pacific marine mammals were most closely related to members of the A. simplex species complex. Comparison of Anisakis ITS sequences diagnosed the presence of A. simplex C in 2 M. angustirostris hosts, which is a new host record. Anisakis specimens from Phocoena phocoena (harbor porpoise), Lissodelphis borealis (Pacific rightwhale porpoise), and E. jubatus included 3 ITS sequences that did not match any known species. Contracaecum adults obtained from Z. californianus were most closely related to C. ogmorhini s.l. and C. rudolphii, but ITS sequences of these Contracaecum specimens did not match C. ogmorhini s. str. or C. margolisi. These novel Anisakis and Contracaecum ITS sequences may represent previously uncharacterized species. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU sequences revealed strong support for the monophyly of Anisakinae, Contracaecum plus Phocascaris, Pseudoterranova, and Anisakis. Phylogenetic trees inferred from ITS sequences yielded robustly supported relationships for Pseudoterranova and Anisakis species that are primarily consistent with previously published phenograms based on multilocus electrophoretic data.
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TL;DR: The approach strongly indicates the existence of species-specific distribution patterns of Anisakis spp.
Abstract: Parasites of the nematode genus Anisakis are associated with aquatic organisms. They can be found in a variety of marine hosts including whales, crustaceans, fish and cephalopods and are known to be the cause of the zoonotic disease anisakiasis, a painful inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract caused by the accidental consumptions of infectious larvae raw or semi-raw fishery products. Since the demand on fish as dietary protein source and the export rates of seafood products in general is rapidly increasing worldwide, the knowledge about the distribution of potential foodborne human pathogens in seafood is of major significance for human health. Studies have provided evidence that a few Anisakis species can cause clinical symptoms in humans. The aim of our study was to interpolate the species range for every described Anisakis species on the basis of the existing occurrence data. We used sequence data of 373 Anisakis larvae from 30 different hosts worldwide and previously published molecular data (n = 584) from 53 field-specific publications to model the species range of Anisakis spp., using a interpolation method that combines aspects of the alpha hull interpolation algorithm as well as the conditional interpolation approach. The results of our approach strongly indicate the existence of species-specific distribution patterns of Anisakis spp. within different climate zones and oceans that are in principle congruent with those of their respective final hosts. Our results support preceding studies that propose anisakid nematodes as useful biological indicators for their final host distribution and abundance as they closely follow the trophic relationships among their successive hosts. The modeling might although be helpful for predicting the likelihood of infection in order to reduce the risk of anisakiasis cases in a given area.
73 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA of each morphospecies were characterized.
Abstract: In the present study, five species of Contracaecum Railliet & Henry 1912 (Nematoda: Ascaridida), including Contracaecum bancrofti, Contracaecum microcephalum, Contracaecum variegatum, Contracaecum eudyptulae, and Contracaecum ogmorhini, were redescribed using light and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, in order to elucidate their taxonomic status, first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2, respectively) of nuclear ribosomal DNA of each morphospecies were characterized. Analyses of sequence and morphological data sets suggested that C. bancrofti, infecting the Australian pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus, is a valid species and is distinct from C. micropapillatum reported from pelicans in the northern hemisphere. C. microcephalum from cormorants Phalacrocorax melanoleucos and C. variegatum from the darter Anhinga melanogaster and from P. conspicillatus as well as C. eudyptulae from the little penguin Eudyptula minor were also considered as distinct species, which can be differentiated from one another morphologically based on the lengths of spicules and genetically based on the sequences of ITS-1 and ITS-2. Comparison of sequence data of ITS-1 and ITS-2 for the members of C. ogmorhini sensu lato from pinnipeds with those of previous studies suggested that only ITS-2 can be used for differentiation between C. ogmorhini sensu stricto and Contracaecum margolisi, occurring in the southern and northern hemispheres, respectively. Analyses of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 sequence data of Contracaecum spp. in the present study supported the distinction among species of Contracaecum based on morphological data and were useful in confirming the taxonomic status of individual species in Australia.
71 citations
Cites background from "Molecular phylogenetics and diagnos..."
...ogmorhini sensu stricto (Lent and Freitas 1948; Campana-Rouget and Paulin 1960; Fagerholm and Gibson 1987; Zhu et al. 2001; Mattiucci et al. 2003; Nadler et al. 2005)....
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...margolisi (see Dailey 1975; Fagerholm and Gibson 1987; Nadler et al. 2005)....
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...…pusillus, A. pusillus doriferus, Arctocephalus australis, and Mirounga leonina have been reported as definitive hosts for C. ogmorhini sensu stricto (Lent and Freitas 1948; Campana-Rouget and Paulin 1960; Fagerholm and Gibson 1987; Zhu et al. 2001; Mattiucci et al. 2003; Nadler et al. 2005)....
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...In the northern hemisphere, Zalophus californianus and Eumetopias jubatus are the known definitive hosts for C. margolisi (see Dailey 1975; Fagerholm and Gibson 1987; Nadler et al. 2005)....
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TL;DR: The divergence dates and ancestral host types indicated by the study suggest that members of the Ascaridoidea first parasitized terrestrial tetrapods, and subsequently, extended their host range to elasmobranchs and teleosts.
Abstract: Ascaridoids are among the commonest groups of zooparasitic nematodes (roundworms) and occur in the alimentary canal of all major vertebrate groups, including humans. They have an extremely high diversity and are of major socio-economic importance. However, their evolutionary history remains poorly known. Herein, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Ascaridoidea. Our results divided the Ascaridoidea into six monophyletic major clades, i.e., the Heterocheilidae, Acanthocheilidae, Anisakidae, Ascarididae, Toxocaridae, and Raphidascarididae, among which the Heterocheilidae, rather than the Acanthocheilidae, represents the sister clade to the remaining ascaridoids. The phylogeny was calibrated using an approach that involves time priors from fossils of the co-evolving hosts, and dates the common ancestor of the Ascaridoidea back to the Early Carboniferous (approximately 360.47-325.27 Ma). The divergence dates and ancestral host types indicated by our study suggest that members of the Ascaridoidea first parasitized terrestrial tetrapods, and subsequently, extended their host range to elasmobranchs and teleosts. We also propose that the fundamental terrestrial-aquatic switches of these nematodes were affected by changes in sea-level during the Triassic to the Early Cretaceous.
71 citations
Cites result from "Molecular phylogenetics and diagnos..."
...…certain taxa and to solve particular problems using nuclear rDNA sequence data and mitochondrial genes (Nadler 1992; Nadler and Hudspeth 1998, 2000; Nadler et al. 2000, 2005; Zhu et al. 2000; Mattiucci and Nascetti 2006, 2008; Mattiucci et al. 2008; Li et al. 2012, 2017; Mohandas et al. 2014; Liu…...
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...and Terranova) and the Contracaecinae (including Contracaecum and Phocascaris) (BS = 100, BPP = 1 for both lineages), which agrees with some previous studies using morphological characters (Fagerholm 1991) and genetic data (Nadler et al. 2005; Mohandas et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2015, 2016; Zhao et al. 2016; Li et al. 2017)....
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...…(including Contracaecum and Phocascaris) (BS = 100, BPP = 1 for both lineages), which agrees with some previous studies using morphological characters (Fagerholm 1991) and genetic data (Nadler et al. 2005; Mohandas et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2015, 2016; Zhao et al. 2016; Li et al. 2017)....
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TL;DR: Anisakis typica infection of fish intermediate hosts in the northern Bali coast is suggested to be dependent on the large dolphin population (nematode final hosts) in the waters off Lovina Beach (North Bali).
Abstract: The genetic identification and distribution of Anisakis larvae in Indonesia is described. 110 Auxis rochei rochei and 45 Decapterus russellii were sampled from fish markets in North (Anturan) and South (Kedonganan) Bali. Nematode larvae from A. rochei rochei, Caesio cuning and Epinephelus areolatus from Kedonganan and from Coryphaena hippurus from Pelabuhan Ratu, South Java, were identified using sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1, ITS-2) and 5.8S region of rDNA. The larvae belonged to Anisakis typica with an identical sequence to this species from the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) from Brazil, and to 2 further genotypes that differed from that sequence by 0.24–0.47 %. A. typica occurred in the migratory A. rochei rochei and C. hippurus, while Anisakis sp. 1 and 2 were isolated from the same fish species and the non-migratory C. cuning and E. areolatus. The latter genotype is distinguishable by 4 positions in the ITS-1 region (1.1 %), a genetic distance that indicates the presence of an Indonesian A. typica sibling species. The musculature infection in A. rochei rochei was low (2.5 %), indicating no major risk for the fish consumers. The much higher A. typica infection of fish intermediate hosts in the northern Bali coast is suggested to be dependent on the large dolphin population (nematode final hosts) in the waters off Lovina Beach (North Bali).
69 citations
TL;DR: A multiplex PCR method was established for the rapid identification of anisakid nematodes and was able to differentiate the two morphologically indistinguishable sibling species of A. pegreffii and A. simplex.
61 citations
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TL;DR: The effects on phylogenetic accuracy of adding characters and/or taxa were explored using data generated by computer simulation using a four-taxon tree representing a difficult phylogenetic problem with an extreme situation of long branch attraction.
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687 citations
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of adding characters and/or taxa on phylogenetic accuracy were explored using data generated by computer simulation using a four-taxon tree in the "Felsenstein zone/7".
Abstract: The effects on phylogenetic accuracy of adding characters and/or taxa were explored using data generated by computer simulation. The conditions of this study were constrained but allowed for systematic investigation of certain parameters. The starting point for the study was a four-taxon tree in the "Felsenstein zone/7 representing a difficult phylogenetic problem with an extreme situation of long branch attraction. Taxa were added sequentially to this tree in a manner specifically designed to break up the long branches, and for each tree data matrices of different sizes were simulated. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed from these data using the criteria of parsimony and maximum likelihood. Phylogenetic accuracy was measured in three ways: (1) proportion of trees that are completely correct, (2) proportion of correctly reconstructed branches in all trees, and (3) proportion of trees in which the original four-taxon statement is correctly reconstructed. Accuracy improved dramatically with the addition of taxa and much more slowly with the addition of characters. If taxa can be added to break up long branches, it is much more preferable to add taxa than characters. (Long branch attraction; parsimony; phylogenetic recon? struction; simulation; taxon sampling.) It is obvious that the successful recon? struction of phylogenetic relationships re? quires some amount of data sampling from relevant taxa and informative char? acters. Far less clear, however, is how much of each data type is required, and whether one of those sources of data has a greater impact on accuracy than the other. Given limited time and resources, it is important to explore the costs and benefits to phylo? genetic accuracy of adding taxa versus in? creasing the number of characters. For ex? ample, given that one has sufficient time and resources to sequence 10 kilobases (kb) of DNA, would it be better to se? quence, say, 2.5 kb from each of 4 taxa, or 1 kb from each of 10, or 0.25 kb from each of 40?
676 citations
TL;DR: More than 260 specimens of fish, belonging to 64 species, have been searched for nematode parasites and 9 species of fish were found to be free of nematodes.
Abstract: The present paper deals with nematode parasites from some Norwegian marine fishes. The major part of the material was collected personally from fishes caught in the fjords near Bergen and Tromso; the minor part of the material was obtained from the zoological museums in Oslo and Bergen and from other sources. 260 specimens of fish, belonging to 64 species, have been searched for nematode parasites. 9 species of fish were found to be free of nematodes.
373 citations
"Molecular phylogenetics and diagnos..." refers background in this paper
...…A. simplex s. str.) A. simplex C); these represent the 3 known species within the A. simplex species complex and are characterized (along with A. typica and A. ziphidarum) by having type I larvae sensu Berland (1961), which may represent the apomorphic (derived) state within An- NADLER ET AL....
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TL;DR: The polymorphisms obtained by restriction fragment length polymorphisms have provided a new set of genetic markers for the accurate identification of sibling species and morphospecies.
297 citations