Monitoring of overtraining and motivation in elite soccer players
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors monitor the behavior of the overtraining and motivations dimensions, as well as verify whether these dimensions correlate in the preparatory and competitive periods over the season.
Abstract: Aim: This study aimed to monitor the behavior of the overtraining and motivations dimensions, as well as to verify whether these dimensions correlate in the preparatory and competitive periods over the season. Methods: Professional soccer players (n = 32) answered the Stress and Recovery Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport 76) and the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) during the preparatory and competitive periods. Results: Intrinsic amotivation and sport-specific recovery were lower in the competitive period than in the preparatory period. In the preseason, motivation presented a strong and negative correlation with overall recovery (p = 0.001; r = −0.75; r2 = 0.56) and sport-specific recovery (p = 0.001; r = −0.72; r2 = 0.52). The amotivation explained in 56% the variance of the results of the overall recovery and 52% of the sport-specific recovery. During the competitive phase, amotivation showed a strong and positive correlation with overall stress (p = 0.001; r = 0.70; r2 = 0.49) and sport-specific stress (p = 0.001; r = 0.79; r2 = 0.62). The amotivation accounted for 49% of the variance in the results of the overall stress and 62% of sport-specific stress in soccer players. Conclusion: There are associations between overtraining and motivation during the investigated periods. Through longitudinal monitoring in professional soccer, it was verified that the dimensions of amotivation, overall recovery, and sport-specific stress could be related to the prevention symptoms of overtraining in a professional soccer team.
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TL;DR: The Edwards method and session-rPE are limited load monitoring tools to indicate the reality of training situations (high-intensity action with recovery intervals).
Abstract: Purpose. the study analysed the responses from different training load monitoring tools in the elite U-20 soccer category and checked the level of association between these responses. Methods. the participants were 10 elite male soccer players (age, 18.61 ± 0.95 years; height, 176.81 ± 5.03 cm; body mass, 70.32 ± 8.41 kg). the progressive test to exhaustion assessed maximum oxygen consumption and maximum heart rate. the athletes were monitored over 15 training sessions with a heart-rate-based method (Edwards) and mechanical load indicators obtained from GPS devices (15 Hz). Results. Individual training load was calculated with the Foster’s session rating of perceived exertion (session-rPE) procedure. A significant correlation was found between session-rPE and Edwards (0.564, p < 0.05). there were no significant correlations between session-rPE and average speed (–0.161), average heart rate of the training session (–0.187), distance over 20 km/h (0.006), or number of accelerations performed in different zones (–0.194, –0.178, –0.171, –0.236). the Edwards method showed significant correlations with the total distance (0.642, p < 0.01), average heart rate (0.333, p < 0.01), and distances covered at 0–20 km/h (0.634, p < 0.01; 0.568, p < 0.01; 0.424, p < 0.01; 0.289, p < 0.01; 0.201, p < 0.015). there were no significant correlations between Edwards and average speed (0.158), distance over 20 km/h (0.014), number of accelerations performed in different zones (–0.194, –0.178, –0.171, –0.236), or number of normalized accelerations (–0.118, –0.038, –0.058, –0.035). Conclusions. the Edwards method and session-rPE are limited load monitoring tools to indicate the reality of training situations (high-intensity action with recovery intervals).
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TL;DR: The application of positron emis sion tomography (PEM) to the study of panic disorder was discussed in this paper, where a focal brain abnormal ity in panic disorder, a severe form of anxiety, was discussed.
Abstract: pression, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 61-69 (1990). 11. L.R. Baxter, Jr., J.M. Schwartz, B.H. Guze, J.C. Mazziotta, M.P. Szuba, K. Bergman, A. Alazraki, C.E. Selin, H.K. Freng, P. Munford, and M.E. Phelps, Obsessive-compulsive disorder vs. Tourette's disorder: Differential function in subdivi sions of the neostriatum, paper presented at the an nual meeting of the American College of Neuropsy chopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico (December 1991). 12. E.M. Reiman, M.E. Raichle, F.K. Butler, P. Herscovitch, and E. Robins, A focal brain abnormal ity in panic disorder, a severe form of anxiety, Na ture, 310, 683-685 (1984); E.M. Reiman, M.E. Ra ichle, E. Robins, F.K. Butler, P. Herscovitch, P. Fox, and J. Perlmutter, The application of positron emis sion tomography to the study of panic disorder, American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 469-477 (1986); T.E. Nordahl, W.E. Semple, M. Gross, T.A. Mellman, M.B. Stein, P. Goyer, A.C. King, T.W. Uhde, and R.M. Cohen, Cerebral glucose metabolic differences in patients with panic disorder, Neuro psychopharmacology, 3, 261-272 (1990).
5,387 citations
TL;DR: A measure of motivation toward sport has been developed in French, namely the Echelle de Motivation vis-a-vis les Sports (SMS) as mentioned in this paper, which consists of seven subscales that measure three types of Intrinsic Motivation (IM; IM to Know, IM to Accomplish Things, and IM to Experience Stimulation).
Abstract: A new measure of motivation toward sport has been developed in French, namely the Echelle de Motivation vis-a-vis les Sports. Two studies were conducted to translate and validate this new measure in English. The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) consists of seven subscales that measure three types of Intrinsic Motivation (IM; IM to Know, IM to Accomplish Things, and IM to Experience Stimulation), three forms of regulation for Extrinsic Motivation (Identified, Introjected, and External), and Amotivation. The first study confirmed the factor structure of the scale and revealed a satisfactory level of internal consistency. Correlations among the subscales revealed a simplex pattern confirming the self-determination continuum and the construct validity of the scale. Gender differences were similar to those obtained with the French-Canadian version. The more self-determined forms of motivation were associated with more positive responses on related consequences. In a second study, the SMS was administered on two oc...
1,468 citations
TL;DR: The recent status of possible markers for the detection of overtraining syndrome is provided and it is generally thought that symptoms of OTS, such as fatigue, performance decline, and mood disturbances, are more severe than those of NFOR.
Abstract: Successful training not only must involve overload but also must avoid the combination of excessive overload plus inadequate recovery. Athletes can experience short-term performance decrement without severe psychological or lasting other negative symptoms. This functional overreaching will eventually lead to an improvement in performance after recovery. When athletes do not sufficiently respect the balance between training and recovery, nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) can occur. The distinction between NFOR and overtraining syndrome (OTS) is very difficult and will depend on the clinical outcome and exclusion diagnosis. The athlete will often show the same clinical, hormonal, and other signs and symptoms. A keyword in the recognition of OTS might be "prolonged maladaptation" not only of the athlete but also of several biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulation mechanisms. It is generally thought that symptoms of OTS, such as fatigue, performance decline, and mood disturbances, are more severe than those of NFOR. However, there is no scientific evidence to either confirm or refute this suggestion. One approach to understanding the etiology of OTS involves the exclusion of organic diseases or infections and factors such as dietary caloric restriction (negative energy balance) and insufficient carbohydrate and/or protein intake, iron deficiency, magnesium deficiency, allergies, and others together with identification of initiating events or triggers. In this article, we provide the recent status of possible markers for the detection of OTS. Currently, several markers (hormones, performance tests, psychological tests, and biochemical and immune markers) are used, but none of them meet all the criteria to make their use generally accepted.
884 citations
TL;DR: The importance of recovery for elite athletes is highlighted and an overview of monitoring instruments is provided to assist with research that addresses the avoidance of overtraining, maximizes recovery, and successfully negotiates the fine line between high and excessive training loads.
Abstract: In sports, the importance of optimizing the recovery–stress state is critical Effective recovery from intense training loads often faced by elite athletes can often determine sporting success or failure In recent decades, athletes, coaches, and sport scientists have been keen to find creative, new methods for improving the quality and quantity of training for athletes These efforts have consistently faced barriers, including overtraining, fatigue, injury, illness, and burnout Physiological and psychological limits dictate a need for research that addresses the avoidance of overtraining, maximizes recovery, and successfully negotiates the fine line between high and excessive training loads Monitoring instruments like the Recovery–Stress Questionnaire for Athletes can assist with this research by providing a tool to assess their perceived state of recovery This article will highlight the importance of recovery for elite athletes and provide an overview of monitoring instruments
451 citations
Ruhr University Bochum1, University of Queensland2, University of Chieti-Pescara3, Suffolk University4, University of Poitiers5, Université de Montréal6, University of Technology, Sydney7, University of Bern8, Australian Institute of Sport9, Saarland University10, University of Graz11, Vrije Universiteit Brussel12, James Cook University13, University of the Basque Country14, Stellenbosch University15, Technische Universität München16
TL;DR: The understanding of the complex relationship between recovery and performance has significantly increased through research, and some important issues for future investigations are also elaborated.
Abstract: The relationship between recovery and fatigue and its impact on performance has attracted the interest of sport science for many years. An adequate balance between stress (training and competition load, other life demands) and recovery is essential for athletes to achieve continuous high-level performance. Research has focused on the examination of physiological and psychological recovery strategies to compensate external and internal training and competition loads. A systematic monitoring of recovery and the subsequent implementation of recovery routines aims at maximizing performance and preventing negative developments such as underrecovery, nonfunctional overreaching, the overtraining syndrome, injuries, or illnesses. Due to the inter- and intraindividual variability of responses to training, competition, and recovery strategies, a diverse set of expertise is required to address the multifaceted phenomena of recovery, performance, and their interactions to transfer knowledge from sport science to sport practice. For this purpose, a symposium on Recovery and Performance was organized at the Technical University Munich Science and Study Center Raitenhaslach (Germany) in September 2016. Various international experts from many disciplines and research areas gathered to discuss and share their knowledge of recovery for performance enhancement in a variety of settings. The results of this meeting are outlined in this consensus statement that provides central definitions, theoretical frameworks, and practical implications as a synopsis of the current knowledge of recovery and performance. While our understanding of the complex relationship between recovery and performance has significantly increased through research, some important issues for future investigations are also elaborated.
313 citations