Monitoring of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water from Paraíba do Sul River, Brazil
01 Apr 2004-Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society (Brazilian Chemical Society)-Vol. 15, Iss: 2, pp 292-299
TL;DR: In this article, the Paraiba do Sul River, in the State of Rio de Janeiro, was studied for its water quality, by determining the levels of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides from six sites in two cities, Resende and Campos dos Goytacazes, as they have industrial and agricultural activities.
Abstract: The Paraiba do Sul River, in the State of Rio de Janeiro, was studied for its water quality, by determining the levels of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides from six sites in two cities, Resende and Campos dos Goytacazes, as they have industrial and agricultural activities. This study was carried out between July 2001 and March 2002. The method involved 200 mL samples taken by off-line, solid phase extraction by OASIS polymeric cartridges followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Recoveries and standard deviation of pesticides in non polluted real water sample spiked with a standard mixture were 82-119% and less then 20%. For PAH, recoveries and standard deviation were 56-78% and less then 18%, respectively, with exception to acenaphthylene, 23% and 2.7%. Atrazine was detected in the average concentration of 0.231 µg L-1 in two sites in Campos dos Goytacazes, near the sugar-cane power plants and plantations area, while no detection was observed in Resende. Irgarol was observed in Campos dos Goytacazes downtown at 0.138 µg L-1, an area of small boating activities. Benzo[a]pyrene was detected at 0.255 µg L-1 in Resende, near the Presidente Dutra highway. PAHs were not detected in the water samples from Campos dos Goytacazes.
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24 Jul 2010
17 citations
TL;DR: Although the QR indicated that ATZ could be safe for the tested species, it caused many histological alterations in the liver and gills of the exposed specimens, and an increase in the AChE levels.
Abstract: Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the environmental concentration of atrazine (ATZ) in five streams located in the north of São Paulo state (Brazil) and evaluate its toxicological impact on young specimens of the pacu fish Piaractus mesopotamicus. Samples of water were collected on three occasions between 2010 and 2011, corresponding to periods signifying the beginning, middle, and end of rain season. ATZ levels were estimated by a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) triple quadrupole. Later, the quotient of environmental risk (QR) was determined based on the medium lethal concentration (LC50 48 h), non-observable effect concentration (NOEC), and the estimated environmental concentration (EEC) of ATZ detected in the environment. Histological changes in gills and liver were also studied, along with the brain activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The highest concentration of ATZ measured was 10.4 μg L-1. The ATZ LC50 (48 h) for young P. mesopotamicus was 24.46 mg L-1 and the QR was classified as “safe”. Although the QR indicated that ATZ could be safe for the tested species, it caused many histological alterations in the liver and gills of the exposed specimens, and an increase in the AChE levels. Predmet ovoga istraživanja bio je odrediti okolišne koncentracije atrazina u pet vodotoka na sjeveru brazilske savezne države São Paulo te ocijeniti njihove toksikološke učinke na ribu Piaractus mesopotamicus. Uzorci vode prikupljeni su u tri navrata između 2010. i 2011. godine, i to na početku, usred i pri kraju kišne sezone. Razine atrazina mjerene su trostrukim kvadrupolom s vezanim sustavom tekućinska kromatografija visoke djelotvornosti-spektrometrija mase (HPLCMS/ MS). Potom je izračunat kvocijent okolišnog rizika (QR) na temelju srednje smrtonosne koncentracije (LC50 48 h), maksimalne koncentracije bez učinka (NOEC) te procijenjene okolišne koncentracije (EEC) atrazina pronađenog u okolišu. Nadalje, istražene su histološke promjene u škrgama i jetri te izmjerena aktivnost enzima acetilkolinesteraze (AChE) u mozgu. Najviša izmjerena razina atrazina bila je 10.4 μg L-1. LC50 (48 h) atrazina za mlade jedinke P. mesopotamicus bio je 24.46 mg L-1, a QR je klasificiran kao „siguran“. Premda QR upućuje na to da bi se atrazin mogao okarakterizirati sigurnim za ispitanu vrstu, uzrokovao je ne samo brojne histološke promjene u jetri i škrgama izloženih jedinki, nego i porast razina AChE u mozgu.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, low density polyethylene passive samplers were deployed in upland surface waters and the overlying atmosphere in subtropical and tropical mountain regions in south and southeast Brazil, respectively, to determine the concentrations, transport and sources of freely dissolved and gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) along altitudinal gradients.
15 citations
TL;DR: Although the QR indicated that ATZ could be safe for the tested species, it caused many histological alterations in the liver and gills of the exposed specimens, and an increase in the AChE levels.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the environmental concentration of atrazine (ATZ) in five streams located in the north of Sao Paulo state (Brazil) and evaluate its toxicological impact on young specimens of the pacu fish Piaractus mesopotamicus. Samples of water were collected on three occasions between 2010 and 2011, corresponding to periods signifying the beginning, middle, and end of rain season. ATZ levels were estimated by a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) triple quadrupole. Later, the quotient of environmental risk (QR) was determined based on the medium lethal concentration (LC 50 48 h), non-observable effect concentration (NOEC), and the estimated environmental concentration (EEC) of ATZ detected in the environment. Histological changes in gills and liver were also studied, along with the brain activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The highest concentration of ATZ measured was 10.4 µg L -1 . The ATZ LC 50 (48 h) for young P. mesopotamicus was 24.46 mg L -1 and the QR was classified as “safe”. Although the QR indicated that ATZ could be safe for the tested species, it caused many histological alterations in the liver and gills of the exposed specimens, and an increase in the AChE levels.
15 citations
TL;DR: The concentrations of PAHs upstream the aluminumsmelter were systematically lower than those found downstream indicating a possible role of the smelter in the local pollution by PAHS.
14 citations
References
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04 Apr 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an analysis and detection of pesticides and their degradation in the aquatic environment, including their properties, characteristics, usage and environmental behavior, including toxicity and ecotoxicity.
Abstract: Pesticides and their Degradation Products: Characteristics, Usage and Environmental Behaviour. Introduction. Chemical classes and physico-chemical properties of pesticides. Environmental relevance in the aquatic environment. Degradation of pesticides in the aquatic environment. Toxicity and ecotoxicity. Conclusions. References. Quality Assurance Issues: Sampling, Storage and Interlaboratory Studies. Sampling. Storage. Interlaboratory performance studies. References. Chromatographic and Related Techniques for the Analysis and Detection of Pesticides. Introduction. Gas chromatography. Liquid chromatography. Thin layer chromatography. Capillary electrophoresis. Mass spectrometric methods. Conclusions. References. Sample Handling Techniques (Extraction and Clean-up of Samples). Introduction. Extraction and concentration procedures. Clean-up procedures. Conclusion and further developments. References. On-Line Sample Handling Strategies. Introduction. On-line techniques with separation by liquid chromatography. On-line techniques with separation by gas chromatography. On-line solid-phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and supercritical chromatography. Conclusion and further trends. References. Immunochemical Methods and Biosensors. Introduction. Immunoassays. Immunochemical sample preparation methods. Biosensors. Conclusions and perspectives.
262 citations