Morphological and semantic effects in visual word recognition: A time-course study

doi:10.1080/01690960050119689

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Morphological and semantic effects in visual word recognition: A time-course study

Journal Article•DOI•

Morphological and semantic effects in visual word recognition: A time-course study

Kathleen Rastle¹, Matthew H. Davis¹, William D. Marslen-Wilson², Lorraine K. Tyler²•Institutions (2)

University of Cambridge¹, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit²

01 Aug 2000-Language and Cognitive Processes (Psychology Press)-Vol. 15, pp 507-537

TL;DR: This article found that morphological structure plays a significant role in early visual recognition of English words that is independent of both semantic and orthographic relatedness, and reported two sets of visual priming experiments in which the morphological, semantic, and Orthographic relationships between primes and targets are varied in three SOA conditions (43 ms, 72 ms, and 230 ms).

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Abstract: Some theories of visual word recognition postulate that there is a level of processing or representation at which morphemes are treated differently fromwhole words. Support for these theories has been derived frompriming experiments in which the recognition of a target word is facilitated by the prior presentation of a morphologically related prime (departure-DEPART). In English, such facilitation could be due to morphological relatedness, or to some combination of the orthographic and semantic relatedness characteristic of derivationally related words. We report two sets of visual priming experiments in which the morphological, semantic, and orthographic relationships between primes and targets are varied in three SOA conditions (43 ms, 72 ms, and 230 ms). Results showed that morphological structure plays a significant role in the early visual recognitionof English words that is independent of both semantic and orthographic relatedness. Findings are discussed in terms of current approaches to morphologic...

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Journal Article•DOI•

Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: a critical review of visual masking

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Sid Kouider¹, Stanislas Dehaene²•Institutions (2)

French Institute of Health and Medical Research¹, Collège de France²

29 May 2007-Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B

TL;DR: It is argued that for a stimulus to reach consciousness, two factors are jointly needed: (i) the input stimulus must have enough strength and (ii) it must receive top-down attention (which can be prevented by drawing attention to another stimulus or task).

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Abstract: Understanding the extent and limits of non-conscious processing is an important step on the road to a thorough understanding of the cognitive and cerebral correlates of conscious perception. In this article, we present a critical review of research on subliminal perception during masking and other related experimental conditions. Although initially controversial, the possibility that a broad variety of processes can be activated by a non-reportable stimulus is now well established. Behavioural findings of subliminal priming indicate that a masked word or digit can have an influence on perceptual, lexical and semantic levels, while neuroimaging directly visualizes the brain activation that it evokes in several cortical areas. This activation is often attenuated under subliminal presentation conditions compared to consciously reportable conditions, but there are sufficiently many exceptions, in paradigms such as the attentional blink, to indicate that high activation, per se, is not a sufficient condition for conscious access to occur. We conclude by arguing that for a stimulus to reach consciousness, two factors are jointly needed: (i) the input stimulus must have enough strength (which can be prevented by masking) and (ii) it must receive top-down attention (which can be prevented by drawing attention to another stimulus or task). This view leads to a distinction between two types of non-conscious processes, which we call subliminal and preconscious. According to us, maintaining this distinction is essential in order to make sense of the growing neuroimaging data on the neural correlates of consciousness.

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652 citations

Cites background or methods from "Morphological and semantic effects ..."

...…& Grainger 1992, 1993; Lukatela et al. 1998), cross-modal repetitions (visualto-auditory priming; Kouider & Dupoux 2001) and, importantly, for semantically related words (Sereno 1991; Perea & Gotor 1997; Rastle et al. 2000) and translations (Gollan et al. 1997; Grainger & FrenckMestre 1998)....
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...Although orthographic and morphological priming are found at such durations, priming usually vanishes below 50 ms for semantic (Perea & Gotor 1997; Rastle et al. 2000) and phonological relations (Ferrand & Grainger 1992, 1993)....
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...…level (Forster et al. 1987), but also at the level of morphology (easier processing of cars-CAR compared with card-CAR; Forster et al. 1987; Rastle et al. 2000), phonology (easier processing of klip-CLIP compared with plip-CLIP; Ferrand & Grainger 1992, 1993; Lukatela et al. 1998),…...
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Journal Article•DOI•

The time course of visual word recognition as revealed by linear regression analysis of ERP data.

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Olaf Hauk¹, Matthew H. Davis¹, Michael A. Ford¹, Friedemann Pulvermüller¹, William D. Marslen-Wilson¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit¹

01 May 2006-NeuroImage

TL;DR: Results indicate that information about surface form and meaning of a lexical item is first accessed at different times in different brain systems and then processed simultaneously, thus supporting cascaded interactive processing models.

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524 citations

Cites result from "Morphological and semantic effects ..."

...Critically, this measure has been found to correlate well with subjective semantic relatedness ratings of word pairs (Rastle et al., 2000)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The broth in my brother's brothel: morpho-orthographic segmentation in visual word recognition.

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Kathleen Rastle¹, Matthew H. Davis², Boris New¹•Institutions (2)

Royal Holloway, University of London¹, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit²

01 Dec 2004-Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

TL;DR: Results showed significant and equivalent masked priming effects in cases in which primes and targets appeared to be morphologically related, and priming in these conditions could be distinguished from nonmorphological form priming.

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Abstract: Much research suggests that words comprising more than one morpheme are represented in a “decomposed” manner in the visual word recognition system. In the research presented here, we investigate what information is used to segment a word into its morphemic constituents and, in particular, whether semantic information plays a role in that segmentation. Participants made visual lexical decisions to stem targets preceded by masked primes sharing (1) a semantically transparent morphological relationship with the target (e.g.,cleaner-CLEAN), (2) an apparent morphological relationship but no semantic relationship with the target (e.g.,corner-CORN), and (3) a nonmorphological form relationship with the target (e.g.,brothel-BROTH). Results showed significant and equivalent masked priming effects in cases in which primes and targets appeared to be morphologically related, and priming in these conditions could be distinguished from nonmorphological form priming. We argue that these findings suggest a level of representation at which apparently complex words are decomposed on the basis of their morpho-orthographic properties. Implications of these findings for computational models of reading are discussed.

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520 citations

Cites background or methods from "Morphological and semantic effects ..."

...Priming from semantically transparent complex English words is statistically greater than nonmorphological form priming (Feldman, 2000; Pastizzo & Feldman, 2002; Rastle et al., 2000), whereas priming from semantically opaque complex English words is not (Rastle et al., 2000)....
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...…from totally unrelated words) from semantically transparent and semantically opaque masked primes on the recognition of stems (Rastle & Davis, 2003; Rastle et al., 2000) and derived words (Feldman & Soltano, 1999)—a null result possibly implicating a meaningindependent morphological decomposition…...
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...Form control conditions (Marslen-Wilson et al., 1994; Rastle et al., 2000) have previously comprised etymologically and semantically unrelated pairs (e.g., brothel– BROTH), some of which appear to have a morphological relationship (e.g., corner–CORN; -er surfaces as an affix in other English words)....
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...…French data of Longtin et al. (2003) while ruling out the potential contribution of confounding variables, and confirm a pattern that has, as yet, only been suggested in English masked priming (see, e.g., Feldman & Soltano, 1999; Pastizzo & Feldman, 2002; Rastle & Davis, 2003; Rastle et al., 2000)....
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...…tap central semantic levels of the language system, including cross-modal priming and visual priming with fully visible primes: Derived words prime their stems only if there is a semantic relationship between them (Longtin, Segui, & Hallé, 2003; MarslenWilson et al., 1994; Rastle et al., 2000)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Ending the reading wars: reading acquisition from novice to expert

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Anne Castles¹, Kathleen Rastle², Kate Nation³•Institutions (3)

Macquarie University¹, Royal Holloway, University of London², Australian Research Council³

11 Jun 2018-Psychological Science in the Public Interest

TL;DR: A comprehensive tutorial review of the science of learning to read, spanning from children’s earliest alphabetic skills through to the fluent word recognition and skilled text comprehension characteristic of expert readers is presented.

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447 citations

Journal Article•

Ending the Reading Wars: Reading Acquisition From Novice to Expert (vol 19, pg 5, 2018)

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Anne Castles, Kathleen Rastle, Kate Nation

01 Jan 2018-Psychological Science in the Public Interest

TL;DR: This article present a comprehensive tutorial review of the science of learning to read, spanning from children's earliest alphabetic skills through to the fluent word recognition and skilled text comprehension characteristic of expert readers.

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Abstract: There is intense public interest in questions surrounding how children learn to read and how they can best be taught. Research in psychological science has provided answers to many of these questions but, somewhat surprisingly, this research has been slow to make inroads into educational policy and practice. Instead, the field has been plagued by decades of “reading wars.” Even now, there remains a wide gap between the state of research knowledge about learning to read and the state of public understanding. The aim of this article is to fill this gap. We present a comprehensive tutorial review of the science of learning to read, spanning from children’s earliest alphabetic skills through to the fluent word recognition and skilled text comprehension characteristic of expert readers. We explain why phonics instruction is so central to learning in a writing system such as English. But we also move beyond phonics, reviewing research on what else children need to learn to become expert readers and considering how this might be translated into effective classroom practice. We call for an end to the reading wars and recommend an agenda for instruction and research in reading acquisition that is balanced, developmentally informed, and based on a deep understanding of how language and writing systems work.

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416 citations

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References

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Learning internal representations by error propagation

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David E. Rumelhart, Geoffrey E. Hinton, Ronald J. Williams

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Learning internal representations by error propagation

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David E. Rumelhart, Geoffrey E. Hinton, Ronald J. Williams

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TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of the generalized delta rule is discussed and the Generalized Delta Rule is applied to the simulation results of simulation results in terms of the generalized delta rule.

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Abstract: This chapter contains sections titled: The Problem, The Generalized Delta Rule, Simulation Results, Some Further Generalizations, Conclusion

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TL;DR: A new general theory of acquired similarity and knowledge representation, latent semantic analysis (LSA), is presented and used to successfully simulate such learning and several other psycholinguistic phenomena.

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Abstract: How do people know as much as they do with as little information as they get? The problem takes many forms; learning vocabulary from text is an especially dramatic and convenient case for research. A new general theory of acquired similarity and knowledge representation, latent semantic analysis (LSA), is presented and used to successfully simulate such learning and several other psycholinguistic phenomena. By inducing global knowledge indirectly from local co-occurrence data in a large body of representative text, LSA acquired knowledge about the full vocabulary of English at a comparable rate to schoolchildren. LSA uses no prior linguistic or perceptual similarity knowledge; it is based solely on a general mathematical learning method that achieves powerful inductive effects by extracting the right number of dimensions (e.g., 300) to represent objects and contexts. Relations to other theories, phenomena, and problems are sketched.

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6,014 citations

"Morphological and semantic effects ..." refers methods in this paper

...Matt H. Davis, and William D. Marslen-Wilson...
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...Semantic relatedness was assessed by means of pretest and LSA (Landauer & Dumais, 1997)....
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...+ M+S+O (departure-DEPART) 5.17 1.38 24.38 4.79 + M±S+O (apartment-APART) 5.12 1.54 34.92 4.62 ±M+S±O (cello-VIOLIN) 5.12 1.42 30.58 6.42 ±M±S+O (electrode-ELECT) 4.50 1.33 30.62 7.50 ID (church-CHURCH) 4.79 1.54 39.29 4.71 Note: M, morphological; S, semantic; O, orthographic....
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...Stimuli are contained in Appendix B. Semantic relatedness was assessed by means of pretest and LSA (Landauer & Dumais, 1997)....
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...In an attempt to validate these relatedness judgements, we also measured semantic relatedness using Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA; Landauer & Dumais, 1997)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Understanding normal and impaired word reading: computational principles in quasi-regular domains.

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David C. Plaut¹, James L. McClelland, Mark S. Seidenberg, Karalyn Patterson•Institutions (1)

Carnegie Mellon University¹

01 Jan 1996-Psychological Review

TL;DR: Analysis of the ability of networks to reproduce data on acquired surface dyslexia support a view of the reading system that incorporates a graded division of labor between semantic and phonological processes, and contrasts in important ways with the standard dual-route account.

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Abstract: A connectionist approach to processing in quasi-regular domains, as exemplified by English word reading, is developed. Networks using appropriately structured orthographic and phonological representations were trained to read both regular and exception words, and yet were also able to read pronounceable nonwords as well as skilled readers. A mathematical analysis of a simplified system clarifies the close relationship of word frequency and spelling-sound consistency in influencing naming latencies. These insights were verified in subsequent simulations, including an attractor network that accounted for latency data directly in its time to settle on a response. Further analyses of the ability of networks to reproduce data on acquired surface dyslexia support a view of the reading system that incorporates a graded division of labor between semantic and phonological processes, and contrasts in important ways with the standard dual-route account.

...read moreread less

2,600 citations

"Morphological and semantic effects ..." refers background in this paper

...…in the monosyllabic and generally monomorphemic domains, the major computational models of visual word recognition and reading aloud (e.g., Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993; Plaut et al., 1996; Zorzi, Houghton, & Butterworth, 1998) have, as yet, very little to say about these phenomena....
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