Morphological composition of the people of India
TL;DR: In this paper, the spatial and temporal aspects of human morphological variation in India are discussed, and four morphological types (Australoids, Negritos, Mongoloids and Caucasoids) have been discerned in the contemporary Indian population.
About: This article is published in Journal of Human Evolution.The article was published on 1978-01-01. It has received 53 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Endogamy.
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TL;DR: The purpose of this paper is to present a broad overview of the physical (anthropometric and genetic) and genetic diversities and affinities of the peoples of India and to examine how well biological, particularly genetic, diversity and aff inities correlate with geographical, socio‐cultural, and linguistic diversities.
Abstract: The Indian subcontinent comprises a vast collection of peoples with different morphological, genetic, cultural, and linguistic characteristics. While much of this variability is indigenous, a considerable fraction of it has been introduced through large-scale immigrations into India in historical times. From an evolutionary standpoint, it is of immense interest to quantify biological diversity in contemporary human populations, to study biological affinities and to relate observed patterns of affinities with cultural, linguistic and demographic histories of populations. Such efforts are intended to shed light on the peopling of India. The purpose of this paper is to present a broad overview of the physical (anthropometric) and genetic diversities and affinities of the peoples of India. I shall also attempt to examine how well biological, particularly genetic, diversities and affinities correlate with geographical, socio-cultural, and linguistic diversities and affinities. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
158 citations
TL;DR: The Indian Genome Variation (IGV) consortium as discussed by the authors is the first large-scale comprehensive study of the structure of the Indian population with wide-reaching implications, which aims to provide data on validated SNPs and repeats, both novel and reported, along with gene duplications, in over a thousand genes, in 15,000 individuals drawn from Indian subpopulations.
Abstract: Indian population, comprising of more than a billion people, consists of 4693 communities with several thousands of endogamous groups, 325 functioning languages and 25 scripts. To address the questions related to ethnic diversity, migrations, founder populations, predisposition to complex disorders or pharmacogenomics, one needs to understand the diversity and relatedness at the genetic level in such a diverse population. In this backdrop, six constituent laboratories of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), with funding from the Government of India, initiated a network program on predictive medicine using repeats and single nucleotide polymorphisms. The Indian Genome Variation (IGV) consortium aims to provide data on validated SNPs and repeats, both novel and reported, along with gene duplications, in over a thousand genes, in 15,000 individuals drawn from Indian subpopulations. These genes have been selected on the basis of their relevance as functional and positional candidates in many common diseases including genes relevant to pharmacogenomics. This is the first large-scale comprehensive study of the structure of the Indian population with wide-reaching implications. A comprehensive platform for Indian Genome Variation (IGV) data management, analysis and creation of IGVdb portal has also been developed. The samples are being collected following ethical guidelines of Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and Department of Biotechnology (DBT), India. This paper reveals the structure of the IGV project highlighting its various aspects like genesis, objectives, strategies for selection of genes, identification of the Indian subpopulations, collection of samples and discovery and validation of genetic markers, data analysis and monitoring as well as the project's data release policy.
132 citations
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TL;DR: Three distinct surveys reported here indicate that geographic proximity, ethnohistory, and biosocial and cultural affiliation are important determinants of genetic affinity in populations of India.
Abstract: In the last 25 years a number of genetic studies on the populations of the Indian subcontinent have been conducted. Unfortunately, most of the studies covered a limited number of genetic systems, and only a few provide information on the genetic differentiation and population structure of some regional caste, tribal, religious, and urban groups. Despite a recent report suggesting that in eastern India genetic affinity does not show any large degree of congruence with sociocultural hierarchy, three distinct surveys reported here indicate that geographic proximity, ethnohistory, and biosocial and cultural affiliation are important determinants of genetic affinity. Gene differentiation studies are few, but from the information of some previous papers and results presented in this special issue of Human Biology, the pattern of differentiation is becoming clear. In general, genetic differentiation in populations of India is low (0.26-1.7%), but overall genetic differentiation in 18 mixed populations of India is higher (2.23%), similar to the largest single study on 16 tribal groups from central India (2.18%). The tribal population of South India shows the highest FST value (4.1%), and this value is similar to a study of the Dhangar caste group. The reason for this high FST value is not clear. One possibility may be (semi-) isolation associated with such factors as random inbreeding and drift, which can cause high levels of genetic differentiation among the tribal groups of India and among the castes such as Dhangar. However, further studies are needed to explore the causes of such high values of genetic differentiation, especially in these populations.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used anthropometric data from six Andhra caste populations to examine heritability patterns of 23 anthropometric phe- notypes (linear, craniofacial, and soft tissue measures) with special reference to caste differences.
Abstract: 6 Abstract In this study, we used anthropometric data from six Andhra caste populations to examine heritability patterns of 23 anthropometric phe- notypes (linear, craniofacial, and soft tissue measures) with special reference to caste differences. We obtained anthropometric data from 342 nuclear fam- ilies from Brahmin, Reddy, Telaga, Nagara, Ag. Kshatriya, and Mala castes of Visakhapatnam, India. These caste groups represent the existing hierarchi- cal stratification of Indian populations. We used a variance components ap- proach to determine the heritability (h 2 ) of these 23 anthropometric pheno- types (height, weight, BMI, etc.). The sample consisted of 1918 individuals ranging in age from 6 to 72 years (mean = 21.5, S.D. = 13.8). The heritabili- ties (h 2 ± S.E.) for all anthropometric traits for the entire sample were signif- icant ( p < 0.0001) and varied from 0.25 ± 0.05 (BMI) to 0.61 ± 0.05 (bizy- gomatic breadth) after accounting for sex, age, and caste effects. Since data on socioeconomic and nutritional covariates were available for a subset of families, we repeated the genetic analyses using this subset, which has yield- ed higher heritabilities ranging from 0.21 ± 0.16 (head breadth) to 0.72 ± 0.18 (nasal breadth). In general, craniofacial measurements exhibited higher h 2 compared to linear measures. Breadth measurements and circumferences yielded more or less similar heritabilities. Age and sex effects were signifi- cant ( p < 0.0001) for most of the traits, while the effects of caste, socioeco- nomic status, and nutritional status were inconsistent across the traits. In con- clusion, anthropometric phenotypes examined in this study are under appreciable additive genetic influences.
56 citations
Cites background from "Morphological composition of the pe..."
...Morphological diversity among Indian populations is appreciable, since castes differ from each other phenotypically in varying degrees due to differences in their genetic make-up as well as differences in nutritional and socioeconomic factors (Malhotra 1978; Singh 1993)....
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TL;DR: The purpose of this study was to assess the association of N‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) gene polymorphism with anti‐TB DIH in Western Indian population.
Abstract: Background and Aim
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in India. Despite the treatment availability and monitoring, drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH) is a serious concern and can lead to discontinuation of treatment. Anti-TB DIH is well known and can aggravate because of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. Genetic polymorphism in the drug-metabolizing enzyme genes is an important factor that predisposes certain fraction of the population to drug-induced toxicity. The purpose of this study was to assess the association of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) gene polymorphism with anti-TB DIH in Western Indian population.
Methods
A prospective cohort study of 215 patients taking treatment against TB was performed. The NAT2 and CYP2E1 genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratio at 95% confidence interval and their respective P values.
Results
The risk of anti-TB DIH was significantly higher in slow acetylator (SA) than in intermediate and rapid acetylator of NAT2 genotypes (odds ratio: 2.3, P = 0.01). We also observed the homozygous point mutation at position 481, associated with higher risk of hepatotoxicity (P < 0.01). The major haplotype NAT2*4 seems to provide protection in DIH compared with non-DIH TB patients (P = 0.04). However, we did not find a significant association between CYP2E1 genotypes and anti-TB DIH.
Conclusion
Increased susceptibility to isoniazid (INH)-induced hepatotoxicity due to presence of NAT2 SA polymorphism was demonstrated in Western Indian population. NAT2 genotyping can therefore serve as an important tool for identifying patients predisposed to anti-TB DIH.
46 citations
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