Morphologies of copper deposits obtained by the electrodeposition at high overpotentials
Abstract: Morphologies of copper deposits obtained at overpotentials belonging to the plateau of the limiting diffusion current density and at higher overpotentials were examined by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. Copper dendrites are formed at overpotentials belonging to the plateau of the limiting diffusion current density. The shape of copper dendrites depends on the electrodeposition overpotential. At higher overpotentials (800 and 1000 mV) and larger values of current densities, porous and very disperse copper deposits were obtained. These morphologies were a consequence of a very vigorous hydrogen evolution at these electrodeposition overpotentials. Also, the obtained copper structures consisted of agglomerates of copper grains. The size of copper grains is a function of the overpotential of electrodeposition, thus approaching to nano-sized dimensions is achieved when the electrodeposition overpotential is increased.
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TL;DR: An overview of the status of the DHBT technique is presented, highlighting preparation techniques and emerging applications.
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TL;DR: The range of options for designing electrolytes and separators that stabilize electrodeposition is now substantially broader than one might imagine from previous literature accounts, and a promising finding is that simple film-forming halide salt additives in a conventional liquid electrolyte can substantially extend the lifetime and safety of LMBs.
Abstract: Secondary batteries based on lithium are the most important energy storage technology for contemporary portable devices. The lithium ion battery (LIB) in widespread commercial use today is a compromise technology. It compromises high energy, high power, and design flexibility for long cell operating lifetimes and safety. Materials science, transport phenomena, and electrochemistry in the electrodes and electrolyte that constitute such batteries are areas of active study worldwide because significant improvements in storage capacity and cell lifetime are required to meet new demands, including the electrification of transportation and for powering emerging autonomous aircraft and robotics technologies. By replacing the carbonaceous host material used as the anode in an LIB with metallic lithium, rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) with higher storage capacity and compatibility with low-cost, high-energy, unlithiated cathodes such as sulfur, manganese dioxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen become possible. Large-scale, commercial deployment of LMBs are today limited by safety concerns associated with unstable electrodeposition and lithium dendrite formation during cell recharge. LMBs are also limited by low cell operating lifetimes due to parasitic chemical reactions between the electrode and electrolyte. These concerns are greater in rechargeable batteries that utilize other, more earth abundant metals such as sodium and to some extent even aluminum. Inspired by early theoretical works, various strategies have been proposed for alleviating dendrite proliferation in LMBs. A commonly held view among these early studies is that a high modulus, solid-state electrolyte that facilitates fast ion transport, is nonflammable, and presents a strong-enough physical barrier to dendrite growth is a requirement for any commercial LMB. Unfortunately, poor room-temperature ionic conductivity, challenging processing, and the high cost of ceramic electrolytes that meet the modulus and stability requirements have to date proven to be insurmountable obstacles to progress. In this Account, we first review recent advances in continuum theory for dendrite growth and proliferation during metal electrodeposition. We show that the range of options for designing electrolytes and separators that stabilize electrodeposition is now substantially broader than one might imagine from previous literature accounts. In particular, separators designed at the nanoscale to constrain ion transport on length scales below a theory-defined cutoff, and structured electrolytes in which a fraction of anions are permanently immobilized to nanoparticles, to a polymer network or ceramic membrane are considered particularly promising for their ability to stabilize electrodeposition of lithium metal without compromising ionic conductivity or room temperature battery operation. We also review recent progress in designing surface passivation films for metallic lithium that facilitate fast deposition of lithium at the electrolyte/electrode interface and at the same time protect the lithium from parasitic side reactions with liquid electrolytes. A promising finding from both theory and experiment is that simple film-forming halide salt additives in a conventional liquid electrolyte can substantially extend the lifetime and safety of LMBs.
179 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the average current efficiency of hydrogen evolution and the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of the copper deposits morphology was examined by the determination of the average currents and by the analysis of copper dendrites.
105 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the average current efficiency of hydrogen evolution and the morphology of formed copper deposits were examined by the determination of the averagecurrent efficiency and by the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of the formed copper.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the recent progress in synthesizing different types of Cu-based catalysts by means of the electrochemical method is comprehensively reviewed and the engineering strategies and the effects of the key preparation conditions on the catalytic performance of CO2 electroreduction for C2+ products are discussed in details.
87 citations
References
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Book•
01 Nov 2011TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on topics at the forefront of electrochemical research, such as splitting water by electrolysis, splitting water with visible light, and the recent development of lithium batteries.
Abstract: This book focuses on topics at the forefront of electrochemical research. Splitting water by electrolysis; splitting water by visible light; the recent development of lithium batteries; theoretical approaches to intercalation; and fundamental concepts of electrode kinetics, particularly as applied to semiconductors are discussed. It is recommended for electrochemists, physical chemists, corrosion scientists, and those working in the fields of analytical chemistry, surface and colloid science, materials science, electrical engineering, and chemical engineering.
5,927 citations
Abstract: A model for random aggregates is studied by computer simulation The model is applicable to a metal-particle aggregation process whose correlations have been measured previously Density correlations within the model aggregates fall off with distance with a fractional power law, like those of the metal aggregates The radius of gyration of the model aggregates has power-law behavior The model is a limit of a model of dendritic growth
4,248 citations
539 citations
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24 Apr 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the current distribution in electrochemical cells is analyzed and the optimum conditions for electroplating and surface finishing of metal electrodeposits are discussed. But the authors do not consider the problem of metal deposition without an external current.
Abstract: 1. What is electrometallurgy. 2. Definitions, principles and concepts. 3. Surface morphology of metal electrodeposits. 4. The current distribution in electrochemical cells. 5. Electrodeposition at a periodically changing rate. 6. Electrowinning. 7. Electrorefining. 8. Optimum conditions for electroplating. 9. Electroplating and surface finishing. 10. Metal deposition without an external current. 11. Electrodeposition of metals from molten salts. 12. Environmental issues. Index.
193 citations