Morphology of stomata and leaf hairs of some halophytes from Sundarbans, West Bengal

Journal Article•

Morphology of stomata and leaf hairs of some halophytes from Sundarbans, West Bengal

01 Jan 1993-Phytomorphology (International Society of Plant Morphologists)-Vol. 43, pp 59-70

About: This article is published in Phytomorphology.The article was published on 1993-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 12 citations till now.

...read moreread less

Citations

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Book Chapter•DOI•

Biology of mangroves and mangrove Ecosystems

[...]

Kandasamy Kathiresan, Brian L. Bingham

01 Jan 2001-Advances in Marine Biology

TL;DR: Mangroves are woody plants that grow at the interface between land and sea in tropical and sub-tropical latitudes where they exist in conditions of high salinity, extreme tides, strong winds, high temperatures and muddy, anaerobic soils, creating unique ecological environments that host rich assemblages of species.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Mangroves are woody plants that grow at the interface between land and sea in tropical and sub-tropical latitudes where they exist in conditions of high salinity, extreme tides, strong winds, high temperatures and muddy, anaerobic soils. There may be no other group of plants with such highly developed morphological and physiological adaptations to extreme conditions. Because of their environment, mangroves are necessarily tolerant of high salt levels and have mechanisms to take up water despite strong osmotic potentials. Some also take up salts, but excrete them through specialized glands in the leaves. Others transfer salts into senescent leaves or store them in the bark or the wood. Still others simply become increasingly conservative in their water use as water salinity increases Morphological specializations include profuse lateral roots that anchor the trees in the loose sediments, exposed aerial roots for gas exchange and viviparous waterdispersed propagules. Mangroves create unique ecological environments that host rich assemblages of species. The muddy or sandy sediments of the mangal are home to a variety of epibenthic, infaunal, and meiofaunal invertebrates Channels within the mangal support communities of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish. The mangal may play a special role as nursery habitat for juveniles of fish whose adults occupy other habitats (e.g. coral reefs and seagrass beds). Because they are surrounded by loose sediments, the submerged mangroves' roots, trunks and branches are islands of habitat that may attract rich epifaunal communities including bacteria, fungi, macroalgae and invertebrates. The aerial roots, trunks, leaves and branches host other groups of organisms. A number of crab species live among the roots, on the trunks or even forage in the canopy. Insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals thrive in the habitat and contribute to its unique character. Living at the interface between land and sea, mangroves are well adapted to deal with natural stressors (e.g. temperature, salinity, anoxia, UV). However, because they live close to their tolerance limits, they may be particularly sensitive to disturbances like those created by human activities. Because of their proximity to population centers, mangals have historically been favored sites for sewage disposal. Industrial effluents have contributed to heavy metal contamination in the sediments. Oil from spills and from petroleum production has flowed into many mangals. These insults have had significant negative effects on the mangroves. Habitat destruction through human encroachment has been the primary cause of mangrove loss. Diversion of freshwater for irrigation and land reclamation has destroyed extensive mangrove forests. In the past several decades, numerous tracts of mangrove have been converted for aquaculture, fundamentally altering the nature of the habitat. Measurements reveal alarming levels of mangrove destruction. Some estimates put global loss rates at one million ha y−1, with mangroves in some regions in danger of complete collapse. Heavy historical exploitation of mangroves has left many remaining habitats severely damaged. These impacts are likely to continue, and worsen, as human populations expand further into the mangals. In regions where mangrove removal has produced significant environmental problems, efforts are underway to launch mangrove agroforestry and agriculture projects. Mangrove systems require intensive care to save threatened areas. So far, conservation and management efforts lag behind the destruction; there is still much to learn about proper management and sustainable harvesting of mangrove forests. Mangroves have enormous ecological value. They protect and stabilize coastlines, enrich coastal waters, yield commercial forest products and support coastal fisheries. Mangrove forests are among the world's most productive ecosystems, producing organic carbon well in excess of the ecosystem requirements and contributing significantly to the global carbon cycle. Extracts from mangroves and mangrove-dependent species have proven activity against human, animal and plant pathogens. Mangroves may be further developed as sources of high-value commercial products and fishery resources and as sites for a burgeoning ecotourism industry. Their unique features also make them ideal sites for experimental studies of biodiversity and ecosystem function. Where degraded areas are being revegetated, continued monitoring and thorough assessment must be done to help understand the recovery process. This knowledge will help develop strategies to promote better rehabilitation of degraded mangrove habitats the world over and ensure that these unique ecosystems survive and flourish.

...read moreread less

1,568 citations

Cites background from "Morphology of stomata and leaf hair..."

...These structures reduce stomatal transpiration (Das and Ghose, 1993), which is important given the high solute concentration of the water and the “physiological drought” the trees experience....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

An Adaptive Feature of Some Mangroves of Sundarbans , West Bengal

[...]

Sauren Das¹•Institutions (1)

Indian Statistical Institute¹

01 Jun 1999-Journal of Plant Biology

TL;DR: It is noted that Heritiera is unsuitable to the highly saline habitat of the Sundarbans forest region because of some anatomical peculiarities.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Mangrove taxa, apart from their morphological characters, have some unique leaf anatomical features which are very much related to their adaptation as the plants grow in unstable, variable and saline environments with regular tidal influence. Special stomatal structures with extended cuticles render the transpiration rate in many taxa. The presence of glandular and non-glandular hairs on the abaxial and/or adaxial leaf surfaces in some taxa are related to salt secretion of these plants. Comparatively large amounts of water storage tissues occur in the hypodermal or mesophyll tissue of the leaves, reflecting the adaptive nature of mangroves in their stressful habitat. The occurrence of terminal tracheids helps with capillary water storage within the leaf. The coriaceous nature of the leaves in some taxa is due to the presence of sclereids within the mesophyll region. It is noted thatHeritiera is unsuitable to the highly saline habitat of the Sundarbans forest region because of some anatomical peculiarities.

...read moreread less

29 citations

Journal Article•

Relation of leaf micromorphology with photosynthesis and water efflux in some Indian mangroves

[...]

Paramita Nandy, Sauren Das¹, Monoranjan Ghose•Institutions (1)

Indian Statistical Institute¹

12 Oct 2005-Acta Botanica Croatica

TL;DR: In this tropical estuary high salinity prevails in soil and water, hence the dominating mangrove vegetation develops some morpho-anatomical adaptations to cope with such adverse ecology.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Stomatal size and frequency, cuticle thickness and the amount of mesophyll tissues were measured in leaves of 14 mangrove species belonging to seven families of the Sundarbans vegetation. The rate of assimilation and water efflux were estimated in vitro. In this tropical estuary high salinity prevails in soil and water, hence the dominating mangrove vegetation develops some morpho-anatomical adaptations to cope with such adverse ecology. Some architectural parameters of leaves have a significant relation with carbon assimilation and water-use characteristics. In all the studied taxa, photosynthesis is positively correlated to stomatal frequency and the amount of mesophyll tissue, while an inverse relation exists with stomatal size. Similarly, transpiration and stomatal conductance directly correlate to the abundance of stomata, but reciprocate to their size. Cuticle thickness is inversely related to transpiration, but hardly any relation was noticed with the rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The amount of mesophyll tissue has a direct relation with carbon assimilation, while its effect upon transpiration and stomatal conductance seems to be insignificant.

...read moreread less

25 citations

Cites background from "Morphology of stomata and leaf hair..."

...The architecture, especially the micromorphology, of mangrove leaves has drawn much attention time to time (SESHAVATHARAN and SRIVALLI 1989, FITZGERALD et al. 1992, DAS and GHOSE 1993, RAMASSAMY and KANNABIRAN 1996, DAS 1999)....
[...]
...In mangroves, the rather thick cuticle plays an active role in restricting non-stomatal water loss (DAS 1999) and the cuticular outgrowths either at the outer side or at both the outer and inner sides of the stomatal pore (ledges) provide some device to minimise water loss through stomata (DAS and GHOSE 1993)....
[...]
...1992, DAS and GHOSE 1993, RAMASSAMY and KANNABIRAN 1996, DAS 1999). But structural information in terms of function is rare and mostly based on assumptions rather than experimental evidence. TOMLINSON (1986) opined that it is the suite of functional characteristics that allows mangroves to survive in saline environments....
[...]
...…the rather thick cuticle plays an active role in restricting non-stomatal water loss (DAS 1999) and the cuticular outgrowths either at the outer side or at both the outer and inner sides of the stomatal pore (ledges) provide some device to minimise water loss through stomata (DAS and GHOSE 1993)....
[...]
...The larger the size of stomata, the less their abundance per unit area (DAS and GHOSE 1993) and the functional pore density for gas exchange is dropped....
[...]

Journal Article•

On the ontogeny of stomata and glandular hairs in some Indian mangroves

[...]

Sauren Das

01 Oct 2002-Acta Botanica Croatica

TL;DR: Mature stomata of four mangrove taxa of different families reveal three distinct types of stomatal complex on abaxial surfaces, such as diacytic (in Acanthus ilicifolius), anomocytic ( in Aegialitis rotundifolia and Xylocarpus granatum), and paracystic (in Ceriops decandra).

...read moreread less

Abstract: Mature stomata of four mangrove taxa of different families reveal three distinct types of stomatal complex on abaxial surfaces, such as diacytic (in Acanthus ilicifolius), anomocytic (in Aegialitis rotundifolia and Xylocarpus granatum), and paracytic (in Ceriops decandra). In transverse section, there is a beak-like cuticular outgrowth overarching the stomatal pore either at the outer side or at both the outer and inner side of the stomatal pore. The guard-cell mother-cell divides once longitudinally to form two guard cells and the development of subsidiary cells is not at all concerned with the former cell. Ontogenetically it is revealed that the development of a stomatal complex in these investigated taxa is aperiginous (X. granatum) and periginous (A. ilicifolius, A. rotungifolia and C. decandra). Glandular hairs (salt gland) are present only at the adaxial surface of leaves in A. ilicifolius and A. rotundifolia. In A. ilicifolius it is pear-shaped and protrudes from the normal epidermal layer while in A. rotundifolia it is present within a cup-shaped crypt in the epidermal layer. In both the cases, the ontogenic pathway is similar, at least up to the three-celled stage, but at maturity, the morphology is quite different. The salt gland consists of 4–8 radiating terminal cells, two stalk cells and one basal cell.

...read moreread less

22 citations

Cites background from "Morphology of stomata and leaf hair..."

...Much has been published on the morphology of mature stomata, their orientation pattern with the subsidiary cells and the structural architecture of glandular and non-glandular leaf hairs (MULLAN 1931, BALL and DUTTA 1984, TOMLINSON 1986, SESHAVATHARAM and SRIVALLI 1989, DAS and GHOSE 1993)....
[...]
...This structure provides an extra preventive device against water loss through the stomatal pore during transpiration (DAS and GHOSE 1997). The two guard cells of a stoma develop from a single meristemoid by an equal division and the subsidiary cells develop from a different meristemoid, which is no way concerned with the guard-cell mother-cell. This type of development was also reported earlier in other five mangrove taxa (DAS and GHOSE 1997). In Ceriops decandra (Rhizophoraceae) the lateral epidermal cells of the guard-cell mother-cell divide prior to stomatal development to produce subsidiary cells, which, in turn elongate along the long axis of the stomatal pore. This type of developmental pattern was reported earlier in Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Rhizophoraceae) (DAS and GHOSE 1997). TOMLINSON (1986) opined that there is no high degree of specialization of stomatal type among mangroves....
[...]
...This structure provides an extra preventive device against water loss through the stomatal pore during transpiration (DAS and GHOSE 1997). The two guard cells of a stoma develop from a single meristemoid by an equal division and the subsidiary cells develop from a different meristemoid, which is no way concerned with the guard-cell mother-cell. This type of development was also reported earlier in other five mangrove taxa (DAS and GHOSE 1997). In Ceriops decandra (Rhizophoraceae) the lateral epidermal cells of the guard-cell mother-cell divide prior to stomatal development to produce subsidiary cells, which, in turn elongate along the long axis of the stomatal pore. This type of developmental pattern was reported earlier in Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Rhizophoraceae) (DAS and GHOSE 1997). TOMLINSON (1986) opined that there is no high degree of specialization of stomatal type among mangroves. The present investigation reveals that there are three distinct types of mature stomatal complex, which follows two different ontogenetic pathway for stomatal development among the four investigated taxa. In Acanthus and Aegialitis, only glandular leaf hairs (salt secreting glands) occur on the adaxial surface of the leaf. The present investigation reveals that in both the cases, the developmental stages of the glandular hair are more or less similar, at least up to the three-celled condition, but at maturity the morphology is quite different. The salt glands in all salt-secreting mangroves show some structural similarities in having a basal or collecting cell, two stalk cells and a capitate group of terminally radiating cells. These are probably good evidence of evolutionary convergence among the taxa (DAS and GHOSE 1993). METCALFE and CHALK (1950) reported that the non-glandular hairs of Avicennia nitida (Avicenniaceae) consist of only three cells and proposed that the structural differences of glandular and non-glandular hairs may be due to an adaptive evolution. OSMAND et al. (1969) opined that the salt is secreted by the cytoplasm of the secretory cells of glandular hair into the large vacuoles and as the secretory cells dry out with the aging of the leaves, the salt content is left on the leaf surface as a white powdery layer. FAHN and SHIMONY (1977) reported that in Avicennia marina the ontogeny of glandular and non-glandular hairs follows the same pathway, at least up to the three-celled stage, and after this, the two types of hair differentiate in various ways....
[...]
...This structure provides an extra preventive device against water loss through the stomatal pore during transpiration (DAS and GHOSE 1997). The two guard cells of a stoma develop from a single meristemoid by an equal division and the subsidiary cells develop from a different meristemoid, which is no way concerned with the guard-cell mother-cell. This type of development was also reported earlier in other five mangrove taxa (DAS and GHOSE 1997). In Ceriops decandra (Rhizophoraceae) the lateral epidermal cells of the guard-cell mother-cell divide prior to stomatal development to produce subsidiary cells, which, in turn elongate along the long axis of the stomatal pore. This type of developmental pattern was reported earlier in Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Rhizophoraceae) (DAS and GHOSE 1997). TOMLINSON (1986) opined that there is no high degree of specialization of stomatal type among mangroves. The present investigation reveals that there are three distinct types of mature stomatal complex, which follows two different ontogenetic pathway for stomatal development among the four investigated taxa. In Acanthus and Aegialitis, only glandular leaf hairs (salt secreting glands) occur on the adaxial surface of the leaf. The present investigation reveals that in both the cases, the developmental stages of the glandular hair are more or less similar, at least up to the three-celled condition, but at maturity the morphology is quite different. The salt glands in all salt-secreting mangroves show some structural similarities in having a basal or collecting cell, two stalk cells and a capitate group of terminally radiating cells. These are probably good evidence of evolutionary convergence among the taxa (DAS and GHOSE 1993). METCALFE and CHALK (1950) reported that the non-glandular hairs of Avicennia nitida (Avicenniaceae) consist of only three cells and proposed that the structural differences of glandular and non-glandular hairs may be due to an adaptive evolution....
[...]
...These are probably good evidence of evolutionary convergence among the taxa (DAS and GHOSE 1993)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Stomatal density, leaf area and plant size variation of Rhizophora mangle (Malpighiales: Rhizophoraceae) along a salinity gradient in the Mexican Caribbean

[...]

Joanne R. Peel¹, Maria C. Mandujano Sanchez², Jorge Lopez Portillo, Jordan Golubov¹•Institutions (2)

Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana¹, National Autonomous University of Mexico²

27 Mar 2017-Revista De Biologia Tropical

TL;DR: It is concluded that leaf length is an environmentally plastic trait of red mangroves that may vary as a function of environmental conditions, such as hydric stress caused by elevated salinity.

...read moreread less

Abstract: In community ecology, the knowledge of abiotic factors, that determine intraspecific variability in ecophysiological and functional traits, is important for addressing major questions, such as plant community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Mangroves have several mechanisms of resistance to salinity and most species exhibit some xeromorphic features in order to conserve water. Leaf area and stomatal density play an important role in maintaining water balance, and gas exchange is regulated by their aperture and density, two traits that vary intraspecifically in response to environmental conditions, such as water stress and salinity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of salinity on stomatal density, leaf area and plant size in R. mangle and we tested for associations among the three variables, across three sites along a natural salinity gradient in the Xel-Ha Park, Quintana Roo, Mexico. We hypothesized that high salinity sites would produce smaller plants, with smaller leaves, and fewer stomata. Three sampling sites with different environmental conditions were chosen and salinities were monitored monthly. A total of 542 plants were tagged and tree heights and diameters were measured for each individual within each of the three sampling sites. Three leaves from 20 trees from each site were measured to determine leaf area. Stomatal densities were determined in each leaf using nail polish casts, examining ten 1 mm squares per leaf under an optical microscope. A principal component analysis was used to assess association between tree height, leaf area, and stomatal density for each plot. The salinity gradient was reflected in plant size, producing smaller plants at the higher salinity site. The largest leaves were found at the low salinity site (51.2 ± 24.99 cm2). Leaf length was not correlated to plant size (LL vs. tree height: r= 0.02, P= 0.8205; LL vs. trunk diameter: r= 0.03, P= 0.7336), so we concluded that leaf length is an environmentally plastic trait of red mangroves that may vary as a function of environmental conditions, such as hydric stress caused by elevated salinity. The larger leaves from the low salinity site had lower densities of stomata (65.0 stomata.mm2 SD= 12.3), and increasing salinities did not decrease stomatal density (intermediate salinity site: 73.4 stomata.mm2 SD= 13.5; high salinity site: 74.8 stomata.mm2 SD= 17.3). Our results confirm that stomatal density is inversely related to leaf area (r= -0.29, P < 0.001), especially leaf width (r= -0.31, P < 0.001), and that salinity may increase stomatal density by causing reduction of leaf size.

...read moreread less

21 citations

Morphology of stomata and leaf hairs of some halophytes from Sundarbans, West Bengal

Citations

Cites background from "Morphology of stomata and leaf hair..."

Cites background from "Morphology of stomata and leaf hair..."

Cites background from "Morphology of stomata and leaf hair..."

Related Papers (5)