Motion Consideration in H.264/AVC Compressed Video Watermarking
15 Dec 2009-pp 877-886
TL;DR: In this article, statistical analysis of the coefficients in each block is utilized to provide the information to select the best positions for embedding the watermark in order to prevent noticeable spatial noise and temporal flicker.
Abstract: Motion and time dependency are inherent in video signals. In video watermarking algorithms, analyzing P frames can reduce the visible artifacts and preserve the video quality. In a watermarked video stream, two visual artifacts may occur considered as spatial noise and temporal flicker. Even by embedding the watermark in I frames, some visible artifacts may occur in P frames. In this paper, statistical analysis of the coefficients in each block is utilized to provide the information to select the best positions for embedding the watermark in order to prevent noticeable spatial noise. On the other hand, motion information as one of the available data in every coding standard is exploited for analyzing the temporal variation of video signals. The inter mode information extracted from P frames are employed to decrease the temporal quality degradation. Compromising between perceptual quality and bit rate increment is another advantage of the proposed method.
Citations
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TL;DR: A new blind and readable H.264 compressed domain watermarking scheme is proposed in which the embedding/extracting is performed using the syntactic elements of the compressed bit stream using a priority matrix defined which can be adjusted based on the application requirements.
Abstract: In this paper, a new blind and readable H.264 compressed domain watermarking scheme is proposed in which the embedding/extracting is performed using the syntactic elements of the compressed bit stream. As a result, it is not necessary to fully decode a compressed video stream both in the embedding and extracting processes. The method also presents an inexpensive spatiotemporal analysis that selects the appropriate submacroblocks for embedding, increasing watermark robustness while reducing its impact on visual quality. Meanwhile, the proposed method prevents bit-rate increase and restricts it within an acceptable limit by selecting appropriate quantized residuals for watermark insertion. Regarding watermarking demands such as imperceptibility, bit-rate control, and appropriate level of security, a priority matrix is defined which can be adjusted based on the application requirements. The resulted flexibility expands the usability of the proposed method.
111 citations
Cites background from "Motion Consideration in H.264/AVC C..."
...Another experiment is conducted in order to show the rate of nine intramode conversions in 4 4 blocks with different numbers of nonzero quantized residuals....
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TL;DR: Experimental results on several test sequences demonstrate that the proposed approach can realize blind extraction with real-time performance and provides very high capacity, low distortion and increase in bit rate by about 0.5%.
Abstract: This article presents an information hiding algorithm for H.264/AVC video stream. It utilizes position of the last nonzero level of quantized discrete cosine transform block to embed information bits. Because only the high-frequency levels are changed, it can guarantee a high peak signal-to-noise ratio and slight increase in bit rate after the watermark embedding. The extraction process is not complex; thus, the proposed technique is an excellent solution for real-time applications such as broadcasting. Experimental results on several test sequences demonstrate that the proposed approach can realize blind extraction with real-time performance; it also provides very high capacity, low distortion and increase in bit rate by about 0.5%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
19 citations
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: A new method for blind digital video watermarking in H.264 standard based on pattern consideration is proposed which is able to extract the embedded watermark rather than just to detect its presence which makes it more flexible from an application point of view.
Abstract: This paper proposes a new method for blind digital video watermarking in H.264 standard based on pattern consideration. The major challenging issue in designing a blind H.264 watermarking scheme is instability of the prediction modes in case of re-encoding which alters the residuals in the sequel. As a result, the blind decoding of the watermarked media is too cumbersome. In this case, most of the blind methods insert the watermark in some specific residuals. These locations are vulnerable to be identified by attackers. To overcome this problem, we analyzed the structural information of each frame and the temporal characteristics of the previous GOP in order to choose more stable locations. Another advantage of our proposed method is its ability to extract the embedded watermark rather than just to detect its presence which makes it more flexible from an application point of view.
12 citations
Cites background from "Motion Consideration in H.264/AVC C..."
...In addition, since just DC coefficients are exploited for embedding, the security issues are not considered in this scheme....
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01 Oct 2019
TL;DR: The inter-mode values, as available information, are utilized to provide a robust content-based key that is found to be robust against common compressed domain video watermarking attacks and appropriate for real-time applications.
Abstract: Collusion attack is a major concern in the field of video watermarking. To overcome this problem, a classic approach is exploiting a content-based key in order to select the embedding locations. This key should be chosen carefully especially in the blind embedding to prevent the possibility of any alteration after inserting the watermark. Extracting a robust content-based key is a more challenging issue in blind compressed domain watermarking since the syntactic elements such as DCT residuals may change after re-encoding even without inserting the watermark. Consequently, it is really desirable to derive a robust content-based key using just the syntactic elements of compressed video sequences. In this paper, we utilize the inter-mode values, as available information, to provide a robust content-based key. The key is evaluated and found to be robust against common compressed domain video watermarking attacks. In addition, the key generation mechanism is appropriate for real-time applications since the full decompression and recompression of the video stream are avoided.
9 citations
23 Aug 2010
TL;DR: This paper proposes a new method for digital video watermarking in compressed domain where both the embedding and extracting phases are performed after entropy decoding, and a content based key is proposed in order to overcome the collusion attack.
Abstract: This paper proposes a new method for digital video watermarking in compressed domain. Both the embedding and extracting phases are performed after entropy decoding. Consequently, fully decompressing the compressed video is not necessary making this scheme an appropriate choice for real-time application. Furthermore, taking the structural information into account leads to presenting a robust watermarking scheme along with less quality degradation. To select suitable coefficients for embedding the watermark, three different aspects, imperceptibility, security, and bit rate increase, have been considered. These performance factors are adjusted by defining three priority matrices. In addition, a content based key is proposed in order to overcome the collusion attack. The flexibility of our method to provide desired characteristic can be expressed as another advantage.
3 citations
Cites methods from "Motion Consideration in H.264/AVC C..."
...In this paper, we show that our H.264 watermarking scheme [ 5 , 6] can be easily modified in order to be applied for MPEG-2 video compression standard....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, a structural similarity index is proposed for image quality assessment based on the degradation of structural information, which can be applied to both subjective ratings and objective methods on a database of images compressed with JPEG and JPEG2000.
Abstract: Objective methods for assessing perceptual image quality traditionally attempted to quantify the visibility of errors (differences) between a distorted image and a reference image using a variety of known properties of the human visual system. Under the assumption that human visual perception is highly adapted for extracting structural information from a scene, we introduce an alternative complementary framework for quality assessment based on the degradation of structural information. As a specific example of this concept, we develop a structural similarity index and demonstrate its promise through a set of intuitive examples, as well as comparison to both subjective ratings and state-of-the-art objective methods on a database of images compressed with JPEG and JPEG2000. A MATLAB implementation of the proposed algorithm is available online at http://www.cns.nyu.edu//spl sim/lcv/ssim/.
40,609 citations
Book•
19 Dec 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the MPEG-4 and H.264 standards are discussed and an overview of the technologies involved in their development is presented. But the focus is on the performance and not the technical aspects.
Abstract: About the Author.Foreword.Preface.Glossary.1. Introduction.2. Video Formats and Quality.3. Video Coding Concepts.4. The MPEG-4 and H.264 Standards.5. MPEG-4 Visual.6. H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10.7. Design and Performance.8. Applications and Directions.Bibliography.Index.
2,491 citations
02 Sep 2003
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-review of the MPEG-4 and H.264 standards for video quality and design, and some of the standards themselves have been revised and improved since their publication in 2009.
Abstract: About the Author.Foreword.Preface.Glossary.1. Introduction.2. Video Formats and Quality.3. Video Coding Concepts.4. The MPEG-4 and H.264 Standards.5. MPEG-4 Visual.6. H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10.7. Design and Performance.8. Applications and Directions.Bibliography.Index.
1,520 citations
TL;DR: The proposed method is robust and of much lower complexity than a complete decoding process followed by watermarking in the pixel domain and re-encoding, and is also applicable to other hybrid transform coding schemes like MPEG-1, MPEG-4, H.263.
861 citations
"Motion Consideration in H.264/AVC C..." refers methods in this paper
...There are vast amount of methods for embedding the watermark in raw videos [1-3]....
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01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: The Digital Video Quality (DVQ) metric as discussed by the authors is based on the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and incorporates aspects of early visual processing, including light adaptation, luminance and chromatic channels, spatial and temporal filtering, spatial frequency channels, contrast masking, and probability summation.
Abstract: The growth of digital video has given rise to a need for computational methods for evaluating the visual quality of digital video. We have developed a new digital video quality metric, which we call DVQ (Digital Video Quality) 1 . Here we provide a brief description of the metric, and give a preliminary report on its performance. DVQ accepts a pair of digital video sequences, and computes a measure of the magnitude of the visible difference between them. The metric is based on the Discrete Cosine Transform. It incorporates aspects of early visual processing, including light adaptation, luminance and chromatic channels, spatial and temporal filtering, spatial frequency channels, contrast masking, and probability summation. It also includes primitive dynamics of light adaptation and contrast masking. We have applied the metric to digital video sequences corrupted by various typical compression artifacts, and compared the results to quality ratings made by human observers.
376 citations