Motor control functions of the lateral hypothalamus and adjunctive behavior.
TL;DR: A theoretical review of some motor control functions of the lateral hypothalamus as a possible explanation for the stimulus-bound behavior evoked by electrical stimulation of this region of the brain is considered.
About: This article is published in Physiology & Behavior.The article was published on 1970-11-01. It has received 161 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Lateral hypothalamus.
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TL;DR: The similarities among the various behaviors induced as adjuncts to the behaviors under direct schedule control are described in terms of their intensities, temporal loci, and the variables which produce them.
794 citations
TL;DR: The LHA is discussed regarding dietary self-selection, responses to high-protein diets, amino acid imbalances, liquid and cafeteria diets, placentophagia, "stress eating," finickiness, diet texture, consistency and taste, aversion learning, olfaction and the effects of post-operative period manipulations by hormonal and other means.
391 citations
TL;DR: The bilateral adhesive removal (tactile extinction) test appears to permit the separate quantification of stimulus-directed and stimulus-independent movement asymmetries.
Abstract: We describe and demonstrate the usefulness of a reliable procedure for quantifying “sensorimotor” asymmetries in rats with nigrostriatal damage. Conventional tests, such as the popular Von Frey hair technique are sometimes inadequate in that positive responses are difficult to quantify, they are susceptible to subjective interpretation, and they require that the animal make head movements. Circling behavior has become established as a measure of asymmetrical nigrostriatal activity, but it does not measure stimulus-directed movement. One group of rats was given unilateral microinfusions of 6-OHDA into the nigrostriatal system which decreased levels of dopamine in the ipsilateral striatum and yieded an ipsilateral turning bias. Another group was given electrolytic lesions in the substantia nigra area, which yielded a severe contralateral circling bias. Small pieces of adhesive paper were applied to various parts of the limbs or snout and latencies to remove the stimuli were recorded. Because head and body movements were not required, assessment of stimulus-directed movement asymmetries could be quantified rapidly without the interference of stimulus-independent (“spontaneous”) postural and motor asymmetries. In the 6-OHDA-treated rats there was ipsilateral bias in stimulus-directed activity. Indeed, there was ipsilateral hyper-reactivity relative to sham controls. In rats with electrolytic nigra lesions, despite a strong contralateral “spontaneous” motor bias, there likewise was an ipsilateral bias in stimulus-directed movement, which could only be detected using the adhesive removal test. This similarity in stimulus-directed movement asymmetry between the two groups may reflect a common asymmetry in ascending dopaminergic pathways. The opposite circling bias following electrolytic nigra lesions may reflect differential damage to non-dopaminergic efferent projections. The bilateral adhesive removal (tactile extinction) test appears to permit the separate quantification of stimulus-directed and stimulus-independent movement asymmetries.
318 citations
TL;DR: It is reported here that an experimental analogue of displacement behaviour in the rat depends upon the integrity of the mesolimbic dopaminergic projection to the nucleus accumbens septi, olfactory tubercle and associated structures of the forebrain.
Abstract: In the wild, organisms generally allocate their time among many behavioural tendencies in response to both current and anticipated motivational requirements. However, activities that are apparently 'irrelevant' often intrude, either during conflict between these behavioural tendencies, or when a strong tendency is thwarted. These 'irrelevant' activities are called displacement behaviours and are widely documented in the ethological literature. We report here that an experimental analogue of displacement behaviour in the rat depends upon the integrity of the mesolimbic dopaminergic projection to the nucleus accumbens septi, olfactory tubercle and associated structures of the forebrain.
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TL;DR: The similarities among the various behaviors induced as adjuncts to the behaviors under direct schedule control are described in terms of their intensities, temporal loci, and the variables which produce them.
794 citations
TL;DR: The direct effects of glucose on individual cells of the VMH and LH are studied by means of electro-osmotic applications of glucose from micropipettes—the method used by Krnjević and Whittaker in other regions in the brain.
Abstract: THE lateral hypothalamic region (LH) is generally referred to as the feeding centre of the brain in the regulation of food intake, and many authors consider the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) to be the satiety centre1. Various hypotheses have been put forward to explain how the cells of these centres are activated, and one of these is the glucostat theory1. The existence of hypothalamic chemoreceptors, such as those sensitive to the concentration of blood glucose, can be inferred from studies of single unit discharges induced by intravenous or intracarotid administration of various solutions2–4 and from work on selective gold thioglucose lesions5. It has, however, been impossible to determine which centre is activated or inhibited first or whether both centres are modulated directly by a change in the concentration of blood glucose, because of the reciprocal relations which exist between the activities of the VMH and the LH2,6. We report here the direct effects of glucose on individual cells of the VMH and LH, which we studied by means of electro-osmotic applications of glucose from micropipettes—the method used by Krnjevic and Whittaker7 in other regions in the brain.
598 citations
383 citations
TL;DR: The evidence will be examined to determine whether thispolydipsic phenomenon can be explained either on physiological grounds or with respect to simple behavioral considerations, and the variables of which the polydipsia is a function will be summarized.
Abstract: A brief summary of the first report (Falk, 1961a) on schedule-induced polydipsia will suffice to introduce this phenomenon. Fourteen normal rats were maintained at 70-80 percent of their free-feeding body weight by limiting their intake of food. The animals earned most of their daily food ration by bar-pressing on a variable-interval one-minute (VI 1 min) schedule for 45-mg Noyes food pellets during 3.17-hour daily experimental sessions. On this schedule, a barpress is reinforced by a food pellet at varying times from a previous reinforcement (from a few seconds to two minutes), the average interreinforcement time being one minute. Each animal performed in a sound-attenuated box, with the automatic control and recording equipment in an adjoining room. No external environmental cue informed the animal exactly when a bar-press would yield a pellet. At the end of each daily session, the animal was returned to its home cage and given any food supplement necessary to maintain body weight at the value selected. Water was always available. During the session licks from a calibrated water reservoir were recorded electronically. In the home cage, any water drunk from a calibrated animal drinking tube between sessions was measured. On this schedule a typical behavior pattern rapidly developed. After earning a food pellet, the rat would consume it and drink about 0.5 ml of water. During the 3.17-hour session, intake averaged 92.5 ml, or 3.43 times the preexperimental, 24-hour water intake level. Between sessions, although water was available, intake averaged less than 1 ml. Such a phenomenon is strange and unprecedented, for the animals are drinking approximately one-half their body weight in a few hours. Water deprivation, heat stress, or osmotic-loading techniques do not approach comparable stimulation of water intake. Under normal laboratory maintenance conditions, daily water intake levels remain rather constant, and even strong facilitating stimuli induce only moderate increases. The evidence will be examined to determine whether this polydipsic phenomenon can be explained either on physiological grounds or with respect to simple behavioral considerations. The variables of which the polydipsia is a function will be summarized as far as these are known at present. A theoretical explanation in terms of adjunctive behavior will be given, and methodological implications and cautions for thirst research attempted.
382 citations
380 citations