Multiscale Layered Biomechanical Model of the Pacinian Corpuscle
TL;DR: The model identifies a few generalizable features of the lamellar structure which makes it scalable for different sizes of PC with different number of lamellae and can be used for simulating a network of PCs considering their diversity for analyzing the high-frequency VT sensitivity of the human skin.
Abstract: This paper describes a multiscale analytical model of the lamellar structure and the biomechanical response of the Pacinian Corpuscle (PC). In order to analyze the contribution of the PC lamellar structure for detecting high-frequency vibrotactile (VT) stimuli covering 10 Hz to a few kHz, the model response is studied against trapezoidal and sinusoidal stimuli. The model identifies a few generalizable features of the lamellar structure which makes it scalable for different sizes of PC with different number of lamellae. The model describes the mechanical signal conditioning of the lamellar structure in terms of a recursive transfer-function, termed as the Compression-Transmittance-Transfer-Function (CTTF). The analytical results show that with the increase of the PC layer index above 15, the PC inner core (IC) relaxes within 1 ms against step compression of the outermost layer. This model also considers the mass of each PC layer to investigate its effect on the biomechanical response of the lamellar structure. The interlamellar spacing and its biomechanical properties along with the model response are validated with experimental data in the literature. The proposed model can be used for simulating a network of PCs considering their diversity for analyzing the high-frequency VT sensitivity of the human skin.
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TL;DR: This work attempts to integrate knowledge about the architecture of mechanoreceptor cells and their sensory organs with principles of cell mechanics, and considers how engulfing tissues contribute to mechanical filtering in nematodes, fruit flies, and mice.
Abstract: Organisms as diverse as microbes, roundworms, insects, and mammals detect and respond to applied force. In animals, this ability depends on ionotropic force receptors, known as mechanoelectrical transduction (MeT) channels, that are expressed by specialized mechanoreceptor cells embedded in diverse tissues and distributed throughout the body. These cells mediate hearing, touch, and proprioception and play a crucial role in regulating organ function. Here, we attempt to integrate knowledge about the architecture of mechanoreceptor cells and their sensory organs with principles of cell mechanics, and we consider how engulfing tissues contribute to mechanical filtering. We address progress in the quest to identify the proteins that form MeT channels and to understand how these channels are gated. For clarity and convenience, we focus on sensory mechanobiology in nematodes, fruit flies, and mice. These themes are emphasized: asymmetric responses to applied forces, which may reflect anisotropy of the structure and mechanics of sensory mechanoreceptor cells, and proteins that function as MeT channels, which appear to have emerged many times through evolution.
128 citations
Cites methods from "Multiscale Layered Biomechanical Mo..."
...This approach has been applied to cell physiology and animal development (Biswas et al. 2015, Krieg et al. 2008)....
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TL;DR: A two-stage mechanotransduction model of its near threshold Vibrotactile (VT) sensitivity valid over 10 Hz to a few kHz is described and can be extended to simulate the neural response of a group of PCs.
Abstract: Based on recent discoveries of stretch and voltage activated ion channels in the receptive area of the Pacinian Corpuscle (PC), this paper describes a two-stage mechanotransduction model of its near threshold Vibrotactile (VT) sensitivity valid over 10 Hz to a few kHz. The model is based on the nonlinear and stochastic behavior of the ion channels represented as dependent charge sources loaded with membrane impedance. It simulates the neural response of the PC considering the morphological and statistical properties of the receptor potential and action potential with the help of an adaptive relaxation pulse frequency modulator. This model also simulates the plateaus and nonmonotonic saturation of spike rate characteristics. The stochastic simulation based on the addition of mechanical and neural noise describes that the VT Sensitivity Threshold (VTST) at higher frequencies is more noise dependent. Above 800 Hz even a SNR = 150 improves the neurophysiological VTST more than 3 dBμ. In that frequency range, an absence of the entrainment threshold and a lower sensitivity index near the absolute threshold make the upper bound of the psychophysical VTST more dependent on the experimental protocol and physical set-up. This model can be extended to simulate the neural response of a group of PCs.
40 citations
Cites methods from "Multiscale Layered Biomechanical Mo..."
...The biomechanical model used in this paper consists of the PC and skin layers, detailed in [20], [21] along with the approximations....
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TL;DR: A review of papers targeting the musculoskeletal and the cardiovascular systems, and covered only a few exemplary papers targeting other organ systems, shows a research subdomain still in its infancy, where causal confirmation papers remain the most common.
Abstract: More and more frequently, computational biomechanics deals with problems where the portion of physical reality to be modeled spans over such a large range of spatial and temporal dimensions, that it is impossible to represent it as a single space-time continuum. We are forced to consider multiple space-time continua, each representing the phenomenon of interest at a characteristic space-time scale. Multiscale models describe a complex process across multiple scales, and account for how quantities transform as we move from one scale to another. This review offers a set of definitions for this emerging field, and provides a brief summary of the most recent developments on multiscale modeling in biomechanics. Of all possible perspectives, we chose that of the modeling intent, which vastly affect the nature and the structure of each research activity. To the purpose we organized all papers reviewed in three categories: 'causal confirmation,' where multiscale models are used as materializations of the causation theories; 'predictive accuracy,' where multiscale modeling is aimed to improve the predictive accuracy; and 'determination of effect,' where multiscale modeling is used to model how a change at one scale manifests in an effect at another radically different space-time scale. Consistent with how the volume of computational biomechanics research is distributed across application targets, we extensively reviewed papers targeting the musculoskeletal and the cardiovascular systems, and covered only a few exemplary papers targeting other organ systems. The review shows a research subdomain still in its infancy, where causal confirmation papers remain the most common. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1375. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1375 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
28 citations
Cites background from "Multiscale Layered Biomechanical Mo..."
...developed a multiscale model of a skin mechanoreceptor, the Pacinian corpuscle.(121) Valero et al....
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03 Jul 2019-Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology
TL;DR: The present review deals with mechanoreceptors mainly of invertebrates and some remarkable recent findings stressing the role of mechanics as an important source of sensor adaptedness, outstanding performance, and diversity.
Abstract: Non-nervous auxiliary structures play a significant role in sensory biology. They filter the stimulus and transform it in a way that fits the animal's needs, thereby contributing to the avoidance of the central nervous system's overload with meaningless stimuli and a corresponding processing task. The present review deals with mechanoreceptors mainly of invertebrates and some remarkable recent findings stressing the role of mechanics as an important source of sensor adaptedness, outstanding performance, and diversity. Instead of organizing the review along the types of stimulus energy (force) taken up by the sensors, processes associated with a few basic and seemingly simple mechanical principles like lever systems, viscoelasticity, resonance, traveling waves, and impedance matching are taken as the guideline. As will be seen, nature makes surprisingly competent use of such "simple mechanics".
28 citations
TL;DR: A head motion compensation system based on contact force control and a proportional-integral-derivative controller obtained via constrained linear-quadratic optimization algorithm and a disturbance observer are designed.
Abstract: Mechatronic and robotic systems are increasingly used in the health care and medical industry in recent years. Once the surgery is shifted from operating room to clinic or surgeon's office by using an office-based surgical device, the patient cannot be administered general anesthesia and thus the patient's motion can affect the performance of such a surgical device and even the success of the surgery. For an office-based ear surgical device designed to insert a tube on the tympanic membrane, the patient's head motion will affect the success rate of tube insertion. To address this issue without adding any extra equipment, a head motion compensation system based on contact force control is developed in this paper. A model describing the displacement–force relationship of the soft membrane is built based on viscoelastic behavior and contact effect. Based on the model, a proportional-integral-derivative controller obtained via constrained linear-quadratic optimization algorithm and a disturbance observer are designed. Finally, several experiments for system performance validation are conducted on a mock-up system, whose results show that the optimal force controller can perform a good set-point tracking ability. Meanwhile, the proposed control scheme can compensate the motion and achieve an accurate and steady contact force control.
26 citations
Cites background from "Multiscale Layered Biomechanical Mo..."
...The viscoelastic model is suitable for the viscoelastic materials, such as amorphous polymers, semicrystalline polymers, biopolymers, living tissue, and cells [28]....
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References
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TL;DR: The importance of different collagen types not only for the understanding of collagen-related diseases, but also as a basis for the therapeutical use of members of this protein family discussed in other chapters of this issue is indicated.
2,092 citations
"Multiscale Layered Biomechanical Mo..." refers background in this paper
...Histochemical and anatomical literature [2], [6], [10] show that all the PC lamellae in the perineural capsule are attached with basal lamina on both sides, which mainly consists of flexible type-IV basement-membrane-collagen and laminin [6], [8], [10], [22]....
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01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: This chapter discusses Collagen and the Mechanical Properties of Bone and Calcified Cartilage, as well as biomimetic Collagen Tissues: Collagenous Tissue Engineering and Other Applications.
Abstract: Collagen: Structure and Mechanics, an Introduction.- Collagen Diversity, Synthesis and Assembly.- Collagen Fibrillar Structure and Hierarchies.- Restraining Cross-Links Responsible for the Mechanical Properties of Collagen Fibers: Natural and Artificial.- Damage and Fatigue.- Viscoelasticity, Energy Storage and Transmission and Dissipation by Extracellular Matrices in Vertebrates.- Nanoscale Deformation Mechanisms in Collagen.- Hierarchical Nanomechanics of Collagen Fibrils: Atomistic and Molecular Modeling.- Mechanical Adaptation and Tissue Remodeling.- Tendons and Ligaments: Structure, Mechanical Behavior and Biological Function.- Collagen in Arterial Walls: Biomechanical Aspects.- The Extracellular Matrix of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle.- The Cornea and Sclera.- Collagen and the Mechanical Properties of Bone and Calcified Cartilage.- Dentin.- Genetic Collagen Diseases: Influence of Collagen Mutations on Structure and Mechanical Behavior.- Biomimetic Collagen Tissues: Collagenous Tissue Engineering and Other Applications.
787 citations
"Multiscale Layered Biomechanical Mo..." refers background in this paper
...On the other hand, the walls of the blood vessels mainly have types I and III collagen and elastin matrix [23], [24], providing better structural strength....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed examination of highly invasive ovarian cancer cells relative to their less invasive parental cells (HEY) demonstrates that deformability is also an accurate biomarker of metastatic potential.
Abstract: The metastatic potential of cells is an important parameter in the design of optimal strategies for the personalized treatment of cancer. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we show, consistent with previous studies conducted in other types of epithelial cancer, that ovarian cancer cells are generally softer and display lower intrinsic variability in cell stiffness than non-malignant ovarian epithelial cells. A detailed examination of highly invasive ovarian cancer cells (HEY A8) relative to their less invasive parental cells (HEY), demonstrates that deformability is also an accurate biomarker of metastatic potential. Comparative gene expression analyses indicate that the reduced stiffness of highly metastatic HEY A8 cells is associated with actin cytoskeleton remodeling and microscopic examination of actin fiber structure in these cell lines is consistent with this prediction. Our results indicate that cell stiffness may be a useful biomarker to evaluate the relative metastatic potential of ovarian and perhaps other types of cancer cells.
655 citations
TL;DR: Care should be taken to maintain the vascular extracellular matrix reserve and any therapeutic manipulation of the protease/inhibitor balance must be perfectly controlled, because an accumulation of abnormal extrace cellular matrix may have unforeseen adverse effects.
318 citations
"Multiscale Layered Biomechanical Mo..." refers background in this paper
...On the other hand, the walls of the blood vessels mainly have types I and III collagen and elastin matrix [23], [24], providing better structural strength....
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TL;DR: The Pacinian corpuscle has a framework of cytoplasmic lamellae arranged concentrically in the outer zone, and bilaterally in the core, and between these is an intermediate growth zone which provides a route whereby metabolites reach the active nerve ending, as well as the cells of the growth zone.
Abstract: The Pacinian corpuscle has a framework of cytoplasmic lamellae arranged concentrically in the outer zone, and bilaterally in the core. Between these is an intermediate growth zone. The inner core shows an unexpected complexity in that its component lamellae are arranged in two symmetrical groups of nested cytoplasmic sheets. Longitudinal tissue spaces form clefts separating the two groups. The perikarya of the core lamellae lie in or near the intermediate growth zone, and send arms into the clefts. The arms then branch and terminate as lamellae which interdigitate with those of neighboring cells. The single nerve fiber loses its myelin sheath just before it reaches the inner core but retains its Schwann cell cytoplasmic covering for a short additional distance. The Schwann sheath is not continuous with the lamellae of the inner core. Inside the core the fiber contains a striking circumferential palisade of radially disposed mitochondria. The fiber does not arborize. Vascular capillaries penetrate the hilar region of the corpuscle only as far as the myelinated sheath of the nerve, and they have not been seen elsewhere in the corpuscle. There is direct continuity between the clefts of the core and tissue spaces in the vicinity of the capillaries. It is likely that this provides a route whereby metabolites reach the active nerve ending, as well as the cells of the growth zone. The outer zone consists of at least 30 flattened concentric cytoplasmic lamellae separated from one another by relatively wide fluid-filled spaces. Collagenous fibrils are present, particularly on the outer surface of lamellae, and tend to be oriented circularly. The girdle of proliferating cells constituting the growth zone, which is prominent in corpuscles from young animals, is the layer from which the outer lamellae are derived. Osmotic forces probably elevate the lamellae, and maintain turgor pressure.
273 citations
"Multiscale Layered Biomechanical Mo..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Histochemical and anatomical literature [2], [6], [10] show that all the PC lamellae in the perineural capsule are attached with basal lamina on both sides, which mainly consists of flexible type-IV basement-membrane-collagen and laminin [6], [8], [10], [22]....
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...cent reduction in Rn to R̂n using (7) when the PC layers are punctured [1], [2]....
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...difficult compared to finding the Rn which itself is challenging as Rn shrinks if the capsule is punctured [2]....
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...parts, the Nerve Fiber (NF), Inner Core (IC) or simply core, and perineural capsule were reported early in 1911 [2]....
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...To develop a scalable and more accurate model, we have summarized the anatomical details of its lamellar structure [1], [2], [5] including recent discoveries [1], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10] that are not considered in [3]....
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